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<section id="module-copy">
<span id="copy-shallow-and-deep-copy-operations"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> --- Shallow and deep copy operations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-copy" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Lib/copy.py">Lib/copy.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>Assignment statements in Python do not copy objects, they create bindings
between a target and an object. For collections that are mutable or contain
mutable items, a copy is sometimes needed so one can change one copy without
changing the other. This module provides generic shallow and deep copy
operations (explained below).</p>
<p>Interface summary:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.copy">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">copy</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.copy" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a shallow copy of <em>obj</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.deepcopy">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">deepcopy</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">memo</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a deep copy of <em>obj</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.replace">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">replace</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">changes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.replace" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new object of the same type as <em>obj</em>, replacing fields with values
from <em>changes</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.13.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="copy.Error">
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">exception</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">copy.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#copy.Error" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raised for module specific errors.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p id="shallow-vs-deep-copy">The difference between shallow and deep copying is only relevant for compound
objects (objects that contain other objects, like lists or class instances):</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>A <em>shallow copy</em> constructs a new compound object and then (to the extent
possible) inserts <em>references</em> into it to the objects found in the original.</p></li>
<li><p>A <em>deep copy</em> constructs a new compound object and then, recursively, inserts
<em>copies</em> into it of the objects found in the original.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Two problems often exist with deep copy operations that don't exist with shallow
copy operations:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Recursive objects (compound objects that, directly or indirectly, contain a
reference to themselves) may cause a recursive loop.</p></li>
<li><p>Because deep copy copies everything it may copy too much, such as data
which is intended to be shared between copies.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a> function avoids these problems by:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>keeping a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memo</span></code> dictionary of objects already copied during the current
copying pass; and</p></li>
<li><p>letting user-defined classes override the copying operation or the set of
components copied.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>This module does not copy types like module, method, stack trace, stack frame,
file, socket, window, or any similar types. It does "copy" functions and
classes (shallow and deeply), by returning the original object unchanged; this
is compatible with the way these are treated by the <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> module.</p>
<p>Shallow copies of many collections can be made using the corresponding
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code> method (such as <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list.copy" title="list.copy"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list.copy()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.copy" title="dict.copy"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.copy()</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set.copy" title="set.copy"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set.copy()</span></code></a>), and of sequences (such as lists or bytearrays) by making
a slice of the entire sequence (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sequence[:]</span></code>).
However, these methods and slicing can create an instance of the base type
when copying an instance of a subclass, whereas <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.copy" title="copy.copy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy.copy()</span></code></a> normally
returns an instance of the same type.</p>
<p id="index-0">Classes can use the same interfaces to control copying that they use to control
pickling. See the description of module <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> for information on these
methods. In fact, the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> module uses the registered
pickle functions from the <a class="reference internal" href="copyreg.html#module-copyreg" title="copyreg: Register pickle support functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></code></a> module.</p>
<p id="index-1">In order for a class to define its own copy implementation, it can define
special methods <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__copy__" title="object.__copy__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__copy__()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__deepcopy__" title="object.__deepcopy__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__()</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__copy__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__copy__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__copy__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Called to implement the shallow copy operation;
no additional arguments are passed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__deepcopy__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">memo</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__deepcopy__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Called to implement the deep copy operation; it is passed one
argument, the <em>memo</em> dictionary. If the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__deepcopy__</span></code> implementation needs
to make a deep copy of a component, it should call the <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a> function
with the component as first argument and the <em>memo</em> dictionary as second argument.
The <em>memo</em> dictionary should be treated as an opaque object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p id="index-2">Function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy.replace()</span></code> is more limited
than <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.copy" title="copy.copy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#copy.deepcopy" title="copy.deepcopy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deepcopy()</span></code></a>,
and only supports named tuples created by <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="dataclasses.html#module-dataclasses" title="dataclasses: Generate special methods on user-defined classes."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dataclasses</span></code></a>, and other classes which define method <a class="reference internal" href="#object.__replace__" title="object.__replace__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__replace__()</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="object.__replace__">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">object.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__replace__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="positional-only-separator o"><abbr title="Positional-only parameter separator (PEP 570)"><span class="pre">/</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">changes</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#object.__replace__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This method should create a new object of the same type,
replacing fields with values from <em>changes</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.13.</span></p>
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