@@ -1,7 +1,29 @@
 import collections
+import collections.abc
 from test.test_json import PyTest, CTest
 
 
+class CustomIndexDict(collections.abc.Mapping, dict):
+    # Using `Mapping` here to make this a complete dict subclass, but note the bug in #110941
+    # is not specific to `Mapping` subclasses and the outcome would have been the same with a
+    # fully manually implemented dict subclass.
+
+    def __init__(self, keys: tuple = ()):
+        self._keys = keys
+
+    def __getitem__(self, k):
+        try:
+            return self._keys.index(k)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise KeyError(k)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._keys)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._keys)
+
+
 class TestDefault:
     def test_default(self):
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -36,6 +58,23 @@ def test_ordereddict(self):
             self.dumps(od, sort_keys=True),
             '{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4}')
 
+    # This should behave identically for PyTest and CTest: see #110941.
+    def test_custom_dict(self):
+        cd = CustomIndexDict(("b", "a"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.dumps(cd),
+            '{"b": 0, "a": 1}')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.dumps(cd, sort_keys=True),
+            '{"a": 1, "b": 0}')
+
+    def test_empty_custom_dict(self):
+        # Exercise the fast path when a dict subclass is empty.
+        cd = CustomIndexDict()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.dumps(cd),
+            '{}')
+
 
 class TestPyDefault(TestDefault, PyTest): pass
 class TestCDefault(TestDefault, CTest): pass
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix ``json.dump`` and ``json.dumps`` encoding certain dict subclasses as
+empty.
@@ -1802,7 +1802,10 @@ encoder_listencode_dict(PyEncoderObject *s, PyUnicodeWriter *writer,
     PyObject *ident = NULL;
     bool first = true;
 
-    if (PyDict_GET_SIZE(dct) == 0) {
+    // Only take the fast path for exact dicts: a subclass may keep its
+    // contents outside the dict storage, so PyDict_GET_SIZE could be 0 while
+    // the mapping is non-empty (gh-110941).
+    if (PyAnyDict_CheckExact(dct) && PyDict_GET_SIZE(dct) == 0) {
         /* Fast path */
         return PyUnicodeWriter_WriteASCII(writer, "{}", 2);
     }
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@`
	`1`	+Fix ``json.dump`` and ``json.dumps`` encoding certain dict subclasses as
	`2`	`+empty.`