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This change is mainly to avoid use-after-free, which tends to occur when C strings are passed as arguments.

Here is a scenario in which use-after-free is valid:

  • Remove the RuntimeError class constant.
  • Define the Object.const_missing method.
  • The address to the C string is taken from the string object by mrb_get_args() and so on.
  • To resolve E_RUNTIME_ERROR, Object.const_missing is called via mrb_exc_get_id().
  • Make a major change to the string object to invalidate the address of the C string.
  • The mrb_str_new_cstr() called by mrb_raise() references the invalidated C string.

This patch is reimplemented with macros to ensure that the string object is created and then mrb_exc_get_id() is called.

For compatibility when linked as shared object files or language bindings, the original function symbols are still available.

INCOMPATIBILITY NOTE:
These macro functions are now statements rather than expressions. So they can no longer be used inside the ternary and comma operators.

This change is mainly to avoid use-after-free, which tends to occur when C strings are passed as arguments.

Here is a scenario in which use-after-free is valid:

  - Remove the `RuntimeError` class constant.
  - Define the `Object.const_missing` method.
  - The address to the C string is taken from the string object by `mrb_get_args()` and so on.
  - To resolve `E_RUNTIME_ERROR`, `Object.const_missing` is called via `mrb_exc_get_id()`.
  - Make a major change to the string object to invalidate the address of the C string.
  - The `mrb_str_new_cstr()` called by `mrb_raise()` references the invalidated C string.

This patch is reimplemented with macros to ensure that the string object is created and then `mrb_exc_get_id()` is called.

For compatibility when linked as shared object files or language bindings, the original function symbols are still available.

**INCOMPATIBILITY NOTE**:
These macro functions are now statements rather than expressions.
So they can no longer be used inside the ternary and comma operators.
@dearblue
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Use-after-free with the File.open method provided by mruby-io.

class Object
  ArgumentError_origin = ArgumentError
  remove_const :ArgumentError

  def Object.const_missing(name)
    return unless name == :ArgumentError
    $mode.clear
    ArgumentError_origin
  end
end

File.open("/403", $mode = "a" * 30)
% valgrind -- build/host/bin/mruby uaf-raisef.rb
==31668== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==31668== Copyright (C) 2002-2024, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==31668== Using Valgrind-3.23.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==31668== Command: build/host/bin/mruby uaf-raisef.rb
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 1
==31668==    at 0x4854150: strlen (vg_replace_strmem.c:519)
==31668==    by 0x26DD9D: mrb_vformat (error.c:324)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a90 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 1
==31668==    at 0x4854159: strlen (vg_replace_strmem.c:519)
==31668==    by 0x26DD9D: mrb_vformat (error.c:324)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a92 is 2 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 2
==31668==    at 0x4855710: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1167)
==31668==    by 0x28662D: mrb_str_cat (string.c:2862)
==31668==    by 0x26DAC7: mrb_vformat (error.c:311)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a90 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 2
==31668==    at 0x4855721: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1167)
==31668==    by 0x28662D: mrb_str_cat (string.c:2862)
==31668==    by 0x26DAC7: mrb_vformat (error.c:311)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a94 is 4 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 2
==31668==    at 0x4855740: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1167)
==31668==    by 0x28662D: mrb_str_cat (string.c:2862)
==31668==    by 0x26DAC7: mrb_vformat (error.c:311)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a96 is 6 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 2
==31668==    at 0x4855746: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1167)
==31668==    by 0x28662D: mrb_str_cat (string.c:2862)
==31668==    by 0x26DAC7: mrb_vformat (error.c:311)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a98 is 8 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 2
==31668==    at 0x485574E: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1167)
==31668==    by 0x28662D: mrb_str_cat (string.c:2862)
==31668==    by 0x26DAC7: mrb_vformat (error.c:311)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a9a is 10 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
==31668== Invalid read of size 2
==31668==    at 0x4855756: memcpy (vg_replace_strmem.c:1167)
==31668==    by 0x28662D: mrb_str_cat (string.c:2862)
==31668==    by 0x26DAC7: mrb_vformat (error.c:311)
==31668==    by 0x26E14A: error_va (error.c:397)
==31668==    by 0x26E117: mrb_raisef (error.c:407)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB52: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==  Address 0x54e1a9c is 12 bytes inside a block of size 31 free'd
==31668==    at 0x484F2EC: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:993)
==31668==    by 0x283E48: mrb_default_allocf (allocf.c:22)
==31668==    by 0x2851DF: str_replace (string.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x288B6F: mrb_str_replace (string.c:1970)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_run (vm.c:3058)
==31668==    by 0x28F5B6: mrb_funcall_with_block (vm.c:750)
==31668==    by 0x28D643: const_get (variable.c:793)
==31668==    by 0x2674E3: mrb_exc_get_id (class.c:662)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_modestr_to_flags (io.c:166)
==31668==    by 0x2EAB3D: io_mode_to_flags (io.c:177)
==31668==    by 0x2E894D: io_s_sysopen (io.c:932)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==  Block was alloc'd at
==31668==    at 0x4852321: realloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:1806)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc_simple (gc.c:197)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_realloc (gc.c:211)
==31668==    by 0x270448: mrb_malloc (gc.c:227)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal_capa (string.c:58)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_init_normal (string.c:71)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: str_new (string.c:152)
==31668==    by 0x286F78: mrb_str_times (string.c:1035)
==31668==    by 0x29535F: mrb_vm_exec (vm.c:0)
==31668==    by 0x2BA293: mrb_load_exec (parse.y:6912)
==31668==    by 0x2BA5B3: mrb_load_detect_file_cxt (parse.y:6955)
==31668==    by 0x260A43: main (mruby.c:353)
==31668==
trace (most recent call last):
        [1] uaf-raisef.rb:14
uaf-raisef.rb:14:in sysopen: illegal access mode aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa (ArgumentError)
==31668==
==31668== HEAP SUMMARY:
==31668==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==31668==   total heap usage: 793 allocs, 793 frees, 231,095 bytes allocated
==31668==
==31668== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==31668==
==31668== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
==31668== ERROR SUMMARY: 46 errors from 8 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

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