I addressed the following issues and will open a bug against the loc team for them.

Extension/i18n/chs/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.env
"variable" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/chs/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcpkg.enabled.markdownDescription
"dependency manager" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/chs/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.contributes.viewsWelcome.contents
"Configuring C/C++ debugging" should be localized

Extension/i18n/cht/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.customConfigurationVariables
"tasks.json" should not be shortened to "task.js".

Extension/i18n/chs/src/nativeStrings.i18n.json
default_compiler_path_modified_explicit_intellisense_mode
Empty quotes setting value "" must be retained and must not be changed to fancy-quotes. The value "" is a settings value, and must be reflected exactly.

Extension/i18n/cht/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.env
"variable" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/cht/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.clang_format_fallbackStyle.markdownDescription
Reference to ".clang-format" should not have the "." removed from it. It's a necessary part of the filename being referred to.

Extension/i18n/cht/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcpkg.enabled.markdownDescription
"dependency manager" should be localized, and the markdown syntax - link title - should be preserved. There should be no space between [] and () sections.

Extension/i18n/cht/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.filesExclude.markdownDescription
"here" should be localized, and the markdown syntax - link title - should be preserved. There should be no space between [] and () sections.

Extension/i18n/cht/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.contributes.viewsWelcome.contents
"Configuring C++ debugging" should be localized, and the markdown syntax - link title - should be preserved. There should be no space between [] and () sections.

Extension/i18n/csy/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.formatting.clangFormat.markdownDescription
clang-format should not include the trailing period.

Extension/i18n/csy/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.indent.caseContents.markdownDescription
#editor.tabSize# should not have tick quotes `` removed from it.

Extension/i18n/csy/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.newLine.beforeCatch.markdownDescription
"catch" is a C++ keyword and should not be capitalized. Do not change case of words within tick quotes ``.

Extension/i18n/csy/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.wrap.preserveBlocks.never.markdownDescription
Period was removed. This string is intended to be a complete sentance, so should have a period at the end of it (as others do in this language?).

Extension/i18n/csy/src/nativeStrings.i18n.json
default_compiler_path_modified_explicit_intellisense_mode
Quotes around "compilerPath" setting name should be retained. The setting value of "" (empty quotes) MUST be reflected in text, as that is critical to this string.

Extension/i18n/deu/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.intelliSenseMode
Words within angle-braces should be localized: --

Extension/i18n/deu/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.indent.caseContents.markdownDescription
#editor.tabSize# needs to remain in backticks. Do not change them to quotes.

Extension/i18n/deu/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcpkg.enabled.markdownDescription
"dependency manager" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/deu/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.contributes.viewsWelcome.contents
"Configuring C/C++ debugging" should be localized

Extension/i18n/deu/src/nativeStrings.i18n.json
default_compiler_path_modified_explicit_intellisense_mode
Empty quotes setting value "" must be retained and must not be changed to fancy-quotes. The value "" is a settings value, and must be reflected exactly.

Extension/i18n/esn/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.includePath
String contains "go to go to", which looks incorrect. Lots of back-ticks were changes to single quotes, and should remain back-ticks.

Extension/i18n/esn/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.mergeConfigurations
Please do not convert back-ticks to single quotes.

Extension/i18n/esn/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.browse.properties.path
"Go to Definition" and "Find All References" should be localized (as the names of these features also get localized).

Extension/i18n/esn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.indent.caseContents.markdownDescription
Back-ticks must not be converted to single-quotes

Extension/i18n/esn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.autocomplete.markdownDescription
A space was added within a quoted string (making it incorrect) that should be removed.

Extension/i18n/esn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.preferredPathSeparator.markdownDescription
Back-ticks should not be changed to single-quotes.

Extension/i18n/esn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.default.mergeConfigurations.markdownDescription
Back-ticks should not be changed to single-quotes.

Extension/i18n/esn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcpkg.enabled.markdownDescription
"dependency manager" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/esn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.renameRequiresIdentifier.markdownDescription
"Rename Symbol" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/esn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.contributes.viewsWelcome.contents
"Configuring C/C++ debugging" should be localized

Extension/i18n/fra/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.indent.caseContents.markdownDescription
Back ticks must be preserved. Do not change them to other types of quotes

Extension/i18n/ita/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.browse.properties.limitSymbolsToIncludedHeaders
Do not change the case of strings within back-ticks.

Extension/i18n/ita/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.customConfigurationVariables
"launch.json" must not be renamed to "launch.jso". "tests.json" must not be renamed to "test.js". These are specific filenames.

Extension/i18n/ita/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.env
"variable" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/ita/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.indent.caseContents.markdownDescription
Back-ticks must not be changed to single-quotes

Extension/i18n/ita/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.clang_format_fallbackStyle.markdownDescription
Back-ticks should not have been removed (from the none option).

Extension/i18n/ita/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.autocomplete.markdownDescription
Disable (and anything else within backticks) should not be modified. Also, the text of the setting name 'editor.wordBasedSuggestions' got corrupted.

Extension/i18n/ita/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.simplifyStructuredComments.markdownDescription
Casing of strings within back-ticks should not be changed.

Extension/i18n/ita/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.renameRequiresIdentifier.markdownDescription
Casing of strings within back-ticks should not be changed. "Rename Symbol" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/ita/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.autocompleteAddParentheses.markdownDescription
Casing of strings within back-ticks should not be changed.

Extension/i18n/ita/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.filesExcludeBoolean.markdownDescription
Casing of strings within back-ticks should not be changed.

Extension/i18n/jpn/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.mergeConfigurations
Back-ticks should not be changed to single-quotes.

Extension/i18n/jpn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.clang_format_fallbackStyle.markdownDescription
".clang-format" is the name of the file. The "." should remain in the filename, and not be moved to outside of the back ticks.

Extension/i18n/jpn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.workspaceSymbols.descriptio
"Go to Symbol in Workspace" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/jpn/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.default.mergeConfigurations.markdownDescription
Back-ticks should not be changed to single-quotes.

Extension/i18n/kor/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.env
"variable" should be localized

Extension/i18n/kor/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.preferredPathSeparator.markdownDescription
Back ticks must not be changed to fancy quotes.

Extension/i18n/kor/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcpkg.enabled.markdownDescription
"dependency manager" should be localized

Extension/i18n/kor/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.filesExclude.markdownDescription
"here" should be localized

Extension/i18n/kor/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.contributes.viewsWelcome.contents
"Configuring C/C++ debugging" should be localized

Extension/i18n/plk/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.indent.caseContents.markdownDescription
Back ticks must not be changed to quotes.

Extension/i18n/plk/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.filesExclude.markdownDescription
"here" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/plk/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.contributes.viewsWelcome.contents
"Configuring C/C++ debugging" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/ptb/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.env
"variable" should be localized

Extension/i18n/rus/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.intelliSenseMode
Words within angle-braces should be localized: --

Extension/i18n/rus/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.configurations.items.properties.browse.properties.path
"Go to Definition" and "Find All References" should be localized (not kept as English and localized in parens)

Extension/i18n/rus/c_cpp_properties.schema.json.i18n.json
c_cpp_properties.schema.json.definitions.env
"variable" should be localized

Extension/i18n/rus/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.indent.caseContents.markdownDescription
Back ticks should not be changed to quotes

Extension/i18n/rus/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.clang_format_fallbackStyle.markdownDescription
The first reference to "clang-format" (the feature) should not have had a "." added to it. Only the reference to the file ".clang-format" should have the ".".

Extension/i18n/rus/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.workspaceSymbols.description
"Go to Symbol in Workspace" should be localized.

Extension/i18n/rus/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.default.browse.path.markdownDescription
This string appears to be incorrect, as it does not refer to ${default} as the original string does.

Extension/i18n/rus/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.renameRequiresIdentifier.markdownDescription
'Rename Symbol' should be localized (not kept in English and provided in parans)

Extension/i18n/trk/package.i18n.json
c_cpp.configuration.vcFormat.newLine.beforeWhileInDoWhile.markdownDescription
Back ticks must not be converted to single-quotes