matplotlib · timhoffm · Jun 25, 2026 · Jun 19, 2026 · Jun 19, 2026 · timhoffm
diff --git a/ci/mypy-stubtest-allowlist.txt b/ci/mypy-stubtest-allowlist.txt
@@ -38,11 +38,6 @@ matplotlib\.figure\.Figure\.set_tight_layout
 matplotlib\.tri\..*TriInterpolator\.__call__
 matplotlib\.tri\..*TriInterpolator\.gradient
 
-# TypeVar used only in type hints
-matplotlib\.backend_bases\.FigureCanvasBase\._T
-matplotlib\.backend_managers\.ToolManager\._T
-matplotlib\.spines\.Spine\._T
-
 # Parameter inconsistency due to 3.10 deprecation
 matplotlib\.figure\.FigureBase\.get_figure
 

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/_api/__init__.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/_api/__init__.pyi
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
-from typing import Any, TypeVar, overload
-from typing import Self
+from typing import Any, Self, overload
 
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
@@ -16,15 +15,13 @@ from .deprecation import (  # noqa: F401, re-exported API
     MatplotlibDeprecationWarning as MatplotlibDeprecationWarning,
 )
 
-_T = TypeVar("_T")
-
 class _Unset: ...
 UNSET = _Unset()
 
-class classproperty(Any):
+class classproperty[T](Any):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        fget: Callable[[_T], Any],
+        fget: Callable[[T], Any],
         fset: None = ...,
         fdel: None = ...,
         doc: str | None = None,
@@ -34,22 +31,22 @@ class classproperty(Any):
     @overload
     def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type[object]) -> Any: ...
     @property
-    def fget(self) -> Callable[[_T], Any]: ...
+    def fget(self) -> Callable[[T], Any]: ...
 
 def check_isinstance(
     types: type | tuple[type | None, ...], /, **kwargs: Any
 ) -> None: ...
 def list_suggestion_error_msg(name: str, potential: Any, values: Sequence[Any]) -> str: ...
 def check_in_list(values: Sequence[Any], /, **kwargs: Any) -> None: ...
 def check_shape(shape: tuple[int | None, ...], /, **kwargs: NDArray) -> None: ...
-def getitem_checked(mapping: Mapping[Any, _T], /, _error_cls: type[Exception] = ..., **kwargs: Any) -> _T: ...
+def getitem_checked[T](mapping: Mapping[Any, T], /, _error_cls: type[Exception] = ..., **kwargs: Any) -> T: ...
 def caching_module_getattr(cls: type) -> Callable[[str], Any]: ...
 @overload
-def define_aliases(
+def define_aliases[T](
     alias_d: dict[str, list[str]], cls: None = ...
-) -> Callable[[type[_T]], type[_T]]: ...
+) -> Callable[[type[T]], type[T]]: ...
 @overload
-def define_aliases(alias_d: dict[str, list[str]], cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]: ...
+def define_aliases[T](alias_d: dict[str, list[str]], cls: type[T]) -> type[T]: ...
 def select_matching_signature(
     funcs: list[Callable], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
 ) -> Any: ...

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/_api/deprecation.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/_api/deprecation.pyi
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
 import contextlib
-from typing import Any, Literal, ParamSpec, TypedDict, TypeVar, Unpack, overload
-
-_P = ParamSpec("_P")
-_R = TypeVar("_R")
-_T = TypeVar("_T")
+from typing import Any, Literal, TypedDict, Unpack, overload
 
 class MatplotlibDeprecationWarning(DeprecationWarning): ...
 
@@ -20,9 +16,9 @@ class NamedDeprecationKwargs(DeprecationKwargs, total=False):
     name: str
 
 def warn_deprecated(since: str, **kwargs: Unpack[NamedDeprecationKwargs]) -> None: ...
-def deprecated(
+def deprecated[T](
     since: str, **kwargs: Unpack[NamedDeprecationKwargs]
-) -> Callable[[_T], _T]: ...
+) -> Callable[[T], T]: ...
 
 class deprecate_privatize_attribute(Any):
     def __init__(self, since: str, **kwargs: Unpack[NamedDeprecationKwargs]): ...
@@ -31,42 +27,42 @@ class deprecate_privatize_attribute(Any):
 DECORATORS: dict[Callable, Callable] = ...
 
 @overload
-def rename_parameter(
+def rename_parameter[**P, R](
     since: str, old: str, new: str, func: None = ...
-) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _R]]: ...
+) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[P, R]]: ...
 @overload
-def rename_parameter(
-    since: str, old: str, new: str, func: Callable[_P, _R]
-) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+def rename_parameter[**P, R](
+    since: str, old: str, new: str, func: Callable[P, R]
+) -> Callable[P, R]: ...
 
 class _deprecated_parameter_class: ...
 
 _deprecated_parameter: _deprecated_parameter_class
 
 @overload
-def delete_parameter(
+def delete_parameter[**P, R](
     since: str, name: str, func: None = ..., **kwargs: Unpack[DeprecationKwargs]
-) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _R]]: ...
+) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[P, R]]: ...
 @overload
-def delete_parameter(
-    since: str, name: str, func: Callable[_P, _R], **kwargs: Unpack[DeprecationKwargs]
-) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+def delete_parameter[**P, R](
+    since: str, name: str, func: Callable[P, R], **kwargs: Unpack[DeprecationKwargs]
+) -> Callable[P, R]: ...
 @overload
-def make_keyword_only(
+def make_keyword_only[**P, R](
     since: str, name: str, func: None = ...
-) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _R]]: ...
+) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[P, R]]: ...
 @overload
-def make_keyword_only(
-    since: str, name: str, func: Callable[_P, _R]
-) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
-def deprecate_method_override(
-    method: Callable[_P, _R],
+def make_keyword_only[**P, R](
+    since: str, name: str, func: Callable[P, R]
+) -> Callable[P, R]: ...
+def deprecate_method_override[**P, R](
+    method: Callable[P, R],
     obj: object | type,
     *,
     allow_empty: bool = ...,
     since: str,
     **kwargs: Unpack[NamedDeprecationKwargs]
-) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+) -> Callable[P, R]: ...
 def suppress_matplotlib_deprecation_warning() -> (
     contextlib.AbstractContextManager[None]
 ): ...
diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/_docstring.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/_docstring.pyi
@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Any, TypeVar, overload
+from typing import Any, overload
 
 
-_T = TypeVar('_T')
-
-
-def kwarg_doc(text: str) -> Callable[[_T], _T]: ...
+def kwarg_doc[T](text: str) -> Callable[[T], T]: ...
 
 
 class Substitution:
     @overload
     def __init__(self, *args: str): ...
     @overload
     def __init__(self, **kwargs: str): ...
-    def __call__(self, func: _T) -> _T: ...
+    def __call__[T](self, func: T) -> T: ...
 
 
 class _ArtistKwdocLoader(dict[str, str]):
@@ -23,10 +20,10 @@ class _ArtistKwdocLoader(dict[str, str]):
 class _ArtistPropertiesSubstitution:
     def __init__(self) -> None: ...
     def register(self, **kwargs) -> None: ...
-    def __call__(self, obj: _T) -> _T: ...
+    def __call__[T](self, obj: T) -> T: ...
 
 
-def copy(source: Any) -> Callable[[_T], _T]: ...
+def copy[T](source: Any) -> Callable[[T], T]: ...
 
 
 dedent_interpd: _ArtistPropertiesSubstitution

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/_mathtext_data.py b/lib/matplotlib/_mathtext_data.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
-from typing import TypeAlias, overload
+from typing import overload
 
 from .ft2font import CharacterCodeType
 
@@ -1177,9 +1177,8 @@
 # Each element is a 4-tuple of the form:
 #   src_start, src_end, dst_font, dst_start
 
-_EntryTypeIn: TypeAlias = tuple[str, str, str, str | CharacterCodeType]
-_EntryTypeOut: TypeAlias = tuple[CharacterCodeType, CharacterCodeType, str,
-                                 CharacterCodeType]
+type _EntryTypeIn = tuple[str, str, str, str | CharacterCodeType]
+type _EntryTypeOut = tuple[CharacterCodeType, CharacterCodeType, str, CharacterCodeType]
 
 _stix_virtual_fonts: dict[str, dict[str, list[_EntryTypeIn]] | list[_EntryTypeIn]] = {
     'bb': {

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/artist.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/artist.pyi
@@ -15,11 +15,9 @@ from .transforms import (
 import numpy as np
 
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
-from typing import Any, Literal, NamedTuple, TextIO, overload, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, Literal, NamedTuple, TextIO, overload
 from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
 
-_T_Artist = TypeVar("_T_Artist", bound=Artist)
-
 def allow_rasterization(draw): ...
 
 class _XYPair(NamedTuple):
@@ -143,11 +141,11 @@ class Artist:
     ) -> list[Artist]: ...
 
     @overload
-    def findobj(
+    def findobj[T: Artist](
         self,
-        match: type[_T_Artist],
+        match: type[T],
         include_self: bool = ...,
-    ) -> list[_T_Artist]: ...
+    ) -> list[T]: ...
 
     def get_cursor_data(self, event: MouseEvent) -> Any: ...
     def format_cursor_data(self, data: Any) -> str: ...

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/axes/__init__.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/axes/__init__.pyi
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-from typing import TypeVar
-
 from ._axes import Axes as Axes
 
 
-_T = TypeVar("_T")
-
 # Backcompat.
 Subplot = Axes
 
@@ -13,4 +9,4 @@ class _SubplotBaseMeta(type):
 
 class SubplotBase(metaclass=_SubplotBaseMeta): ...
 
-def subplot_class_factory(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]: ...
+def subplot_class_factory[T](cls: type[T]) -> type[T]: ...
diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/axes/_base.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/axes/_base.pyi
@@ -27,11 +27,9 @@ from cycler import Cycler
 
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
-from typing import Any, Literal, TypeVar, overload
+from typing import Any, Literal, overload
 from matplotlib.typing import ColorType
 
-_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Artist)
-
 class _axis_method_wrapper:
     attr_name: str
     method_name: str
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ class _AxesBase(martist.Artist):
     def clear(self) -> None: ...
     def cla(self) -> None: ...
 
-    class ArtistList(Sequence[_T]):
+    class ArtistList[T: Artist](Sequence[T]):
         def __init__(
             self,
             axes: _AxesBase,
@@ -145,21 +143,21 @@ class _AxesBase(martist.Artist):
             invalid_types: type | Iterable[type] | None = ...,
         ) -> None: ...
         def __len__(self) -> int: ...
-        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]: ...
         @overload
-        def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> _T: ...
+        def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> T: ...
         @overload
-        def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> list[_T]: ...
+        def __getitem__(self, key: slice) -> list[T]: ...
 
         @overload
-        def __add__(self, other: _AxesBase.ArtistList[_T]) -> list[_T]: ...
+        def __add__(self, other: _AxesBase.ArtistList[T]) -> list[T]: ...
         @overload
         def __add__(self, other: list[Any]) -> list[Any]: ...
         @overload
         def __add__(self, other: tuple[Any]) -> tuple[Any]: ...
 
         @overload
-        def __radd__(self, other: _AxesBase.ArtistList[_T]) -> list[_T]: ...
+        def __radd__(self, other: _AxesBase.ArtistList[T]) -> list[T]: ...
         @overload
         def __radd__(self, other: list[Any]) -> list[Any]: ...
         @overload

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/backend_bases.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/backend_bases.pyi
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from matplotlib.text import Text, TextToPath
 from matplotlib.transforms import Bbox, BboxBase, Transform, TransformedPath
 
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
-from typing import Any, IO, Literal, NamedTuple, TypeVar, overload
+from typing import Any, IO, Literal, NamedTuple, overload
 from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
 from .typing import (
     CapStyleType,
@@ -362,7 +362,6 @@ class FigureCanvasBase:
     @classmethod
     def get_default_filetype(cls) -> str: ...
     def get_default_filename(self) -> str: ...
-    _T = TypeVar("_T", bound=FigureCanvasBase)
 
     @overload
     def mpl_connect(

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/backend_managers.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/backend_managers.pyi
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
-from typing import Any, TypeVar
+from typing import Any
 
 class ToolEvent:
     name: str
@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ class ToolManager:
     def get_tool_keymap(self, name: str) -> list[str]: ...
     def update_keymap(self, name: str, key: str | Iterable[str]) -> None: ...
     def remove_tool(self, name: str) -> None: ...
-    _T = TypeVar("_T", bound=backend_tools.ToolBase)
-    def add_tool(self, name: str, tool: type[_T], *args, **kwargs) -> _T: ...
+    def add_tool[T: backend_tools.ToolBase](self, name: str, tool: type[T], *args, **kwargs) -> T: ...
     def trigger_tool(
         self,
         name: str | backend_tools.ToolBase,

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/backends/backend_pdf.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/backends/backend_pdf.pyi
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from datetime import datetime
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import total_ordering
-from typing import IO, Any, Literal, Protocol, Self, TypeAlias
+from typing import IO, Any, Literal, Protocol, Self
 
 import numpy as np
 from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer, SupportsWrite
@@ -29,20 +29,20 @@ from matplotlib.typing import (
 from . import _backend_pdf_ps
 
 # XXX: Some of these might be worth moving to `mpl.typing`
-_CommandType: TypeAlias = list[_SupportsPdfReprExt]
-_CommandFuncType: TypeAlias = Callable[..., _CommandType]
-_RectangleType: TypeAlias = tuple[float, float, float, float] | list[float]
+type _CommandType = list[_SupportsPdfReprExt]
+type _CommandFuncType = Callable[..., _CommandType]
+type _RectangleType = tuple[float, float, float, float] | list[float]
 # struct definition SketchParams in _backend_agg_basic_types.h
-_SketchParamsType: TypeAlias = tuple[float, float, float]
-_HatchType: TypeAlias = str
-_HatchStyleType: TypeAlias = tuple[
+type _SketchParamsType = tuple[float, float, float]
+type _HatchType = str
+type _HatchStyleType = tuple[
     ColorType | None, ColorType | None, _HatchType | None, float
 ]
 
 class _SupportsPdfRepr(Protocol):
     def pdfRepr(self) -> bytes: ...
 
-_SupportsPdfReprExt: TypeAlias = (
+type _SupportsPdfReprExt = (
     _SupportsPdfRepr
     | float
     | np.floating
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ _SupportsPdfReprExt: TypeAlias = (
     | BboxBase
 )
 
-_MetadataDict: TypeAlias = dict[str, str | datetime | Name]
+type _MetadataDict = dict[str, str | datetime | Name]
 
 def pdfRepr(obj: _SupportsPdfReprExt) -> bytes: ...