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            <title>Effective Python &rsaquo; The Book</title>
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                <h1>The Book</h1>
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                <h2>Preface</h2>
    <a href="http://amzn.to/1ylkKmc"><img src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover.jpg" class="cover-photo" alt="Effective Python Book Cover"></a>
<p>The <a href="http://www.python.org">Python programming language</a> has unique strengths and charms that can be hard to grasp. Many programmers familiar with other languages often approach Python from a limited mindset instead of embracing its full expressivity. Some programmers go too far in the other direction, overusing Python features that can cause big problems&nbsp;later.</p>
<p><em>Effective Python</em> provides insight into the <em>Pythonic</em> way of writing programs: the best way to use Python. It builds on a fundamental understanding of the language that I assume you already have. Novice programmers will learn the best practices of Python&#8217;s capabilities. Experienced programmers will learn how to embrace the strangeness of a new tool with&nbsp;confidence.</p>
<p>My goal is to prepare you to make a big impact with&nbsp;Python.</p>
<h2>Now&nbsp;Available</h2>
<p>Print and digital editions of the book are now available! <em>Effective Python</em> was published by Addison-Wesley (an imprint of Pearson) on March 6th,&nbsp;2015.</p>
<p><a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1ylkKmc" class="btn btn-info btn-lg">Buy the Book</a>
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<p><em>Also available in translations: <a href="http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4873117569">日本語</a>, <a href="http://www.amazon.de/Effektiv-Python-programmieren-mitp-Professional/dp/3958451810">Deutsche</a>, <a href="https://www.amazon.cn/Effective-Python-%E7%BC%96%E5%86%99%E9%AB%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8FPython%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%9A%8459%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95-%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91/dp/B01ASI36QS">简体中文</a>, <a href="http://books.gotop.com.tw/v_ACL043700">繁体中文</a>, <a href="http://helion.pl/ksiazki/efektywny-python-59-sposobow-na-lepszy-kod-brett-slatkin,efepyt.htm">Polszczyzna</a>, <a href="http://www.gilbut.co.kr/book/bookView.aspx?bookcode=BN001430">한국어</a>, <a href="http://novatec.com.br/livros/python-eficaz/">Português</a></em></p>
<h2>Already Have the&nbsp;Book?</h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/bslatkin/effectivepython">Visit the GitHub project</a> to see all of the code snippets from the book in one place. Run and modify the example code yourself to confirm your understanding. You can also <a href="https://github.com/bslatkin/effectivepython/issues/new">report any errors</a> you&#8217;ve found or <a href="https://github.com/bslatkin/effectivepython/blob/master/Errata.md">view the list of corrections</a>.</p>
<p>For future updates about the book, related videos, translations, conference presentations, and more, choose one of these ways to stay in&nbsp;touch.</p>
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                <h2>What This Book&nbsp;Covers</h2>
<p>Each chapter in <em>Effective Python</em> contains a broad but related set of items. You should jump between items and follow your interest. Each item contains concise and specific guidance explaining how you can write Python programs more effectively. Items include advice on what to do, what to avoid, how to strike the right balance, and why this is the best&nbsp;choice.</p>
<p>The items in this book are for Python 3 and Python 2 programmers alike. Programmers using alternative runtimes like Jython, IronPython, or PyPy should also find the majority of items to be&nbsp;applicable.</p>
<h3>Chapter 1: Pythonic&nbsp;Thinking</h3>
<p>The Python community has come to use the adjective Pythonic to describe code that follows a particular style. The idioms of Python have emerged over time through experience using the language and working with others. This chapter covers the best way to do the most common things in&nbsp;Python.</p>
<li>Know Which Version of Python&nbsp;You&#8217;re&nbsp;Using</li>
<li>Follow the <span class="caps"><span class="caps">PEP</span></span> 8&nbsp;Style&nbsp;Guide</li>
<li>Know the Differences Between <code>bytes</code>, <code>str</code>, and <code>unicode</code></li>
<li>Write Helper Functions Instead of&nbsp;Complex&nbsp;Expressions</li>
<li>Know How to&nbsp;Slice&nbsp;Sequences</li>
<li>Avoid Using <code>start</code>, <code>end</code>, and <code>stride</code> in a&nbsp;Single&nbsp;Slice</li>
<li>Use List Comprehensions Instead of <code>map</code> and <code>filter</code></li>
<li>Avoid More Than Two Expressions in&nbsp;List&nbsp;Comprehensions</li>
<li>Consider Generator Expressions for&nbsp;Large&nbsp;Comprehensions</li>
<li>Prefer <code>enumerate</code> Over&nbsp;range</li>
<li>Use <code>zip</code> to Process Iterators&nbsp;in&nbsp;Parallel</li>
<li>Avoid <code>else</code> Blocks After <code>for</code> and <code>while</code> Loops</li>
<li>Take Advantage of Each Block in <code>try</code>/<code>except</code>/<code>else</code>/<code>finally</code></li>
<h3>Chapter 2:&nbsp;Functions</h3>
<p>Functions in Python have a variety of extra features that make a programmer&#8217;s life easier. Some are similar to capabilities in other programming languages, but many are unique to Python. This chapter covers how to use functions to clarify intention, promote reuse, and reduce&nbsp;bugs.</p>
<ol start="14">
<li>Prefer Exceptions to Returning <code>None</code></li>
<li>Know How Closures Interact with&nbsp;Variable&nbsp;Scope</li>
<li>Consider Generators Instead of&nbsp;Returning&nbsp;Lists</li>
<li>Be Defensive When Iterating&nbsp;Over&nbsp;Arguments</li>
<li>Reduce Visual Noise with Variable&nbsp;Positional&nbsp;Arguments</li>
<li>Provide Optional Behavior with&nbsp;Keyword&nbsp;Arguments</li>
<li>Use <code>None</code> and Docstrings to Specify Dynamic&nbsp;Default&nbsp;Arguments</li>
<li>Enforce Clarity with&nbsp;Keyword-Only&nbsp;Arguments</li>
<h3>Chapter 3: Classes and&nbsp;Inheritance</h3>
<p>Python is an object-oriented language. Getting things done in Python often requires writing new classes and defining how they interact through their interfaces and hierarchies. This chapter covers how to use classes and inheritance to express your intended behaviors with&nbsp;objects.</p>
<ol start="22">
<li>Prefer Helper Classes Over Bookkeeping with Dictionaries&nbsp;and&nbsp;Tuples</li>
<li>Accept Functions for Simple Interfaces Instead&nbsp;of&nbsp;Classes</li>
<li>Use <code>@classmethod</code> Polymorphism to Construct&nbsp;Objects&nbsp;Generically</li>
<li>Initialize Parent Classes with <code>super</code></li>
<li>Use Multiple Inheritance Only for Mix-in&nbsp;Utility&nbsp;Classes</li>
<li>Prefer Public Attributes Over&nbsp;Private&nbsp;Ones</li>
<li>Inherit from <code>collections.abc</code> for Custom&nbsp;Container&nbsp;Types</li>
<h3>Chapter 4: Metaclasses and&nbsp;Attributes</h3>
<p>Metaclasses and dynamic attributes are powerful Python features. However, they also enable you to implement extremely bizarre and unexpected behaviors. This chapter covers the common idioms for using these mechanisms to ensure that you follow the <em>rule of least surprise</em>.</p>
<ol start="29">
<li>Use Plain Attributes Instead of Get and&nbsp;Set&nbsp;Methods</li>
<li>Consider <code>@property</code> Instead of&nbsp;Refactoring&nbsp;Attributes</li>
<li>Use Descriptors for Reusable <code>@property</code> Methods</li>
<li>Use <code>__getattr__</code>, <code>__getattribute__</code>, and <code>__setattr__</code> for&nbsp;Lazy&nbsp;Attributes</li>
<li>Validate Subclasses&nbsp;with&nbsp;Metaclasses</li>
<li>Register Class Existence&nbsp;with&nbsp;Metaclasses</li>
<li>Annotate Class Attributes&nbsp;with&nbsp;Metaclasses</li>
<h3>Chapter 5: Concurrency and&nbsp;Parallelism</h3>
<p>Python makes it easy to write concurrent programs that do many different things seemingly at the same time. Python can also be used to do parallel work through system calls, subprocesses, and C-extensions. This chapter covers how to best utilize Python in these subtly different&nbsp;situations.</p>
<ol start="36">
<li>Use <code>subprocess</code> to Manage&nbsp;Child&nbsp;Processes</li>
<li>Use Threads for Blocking I/O, Avoid&nbsp;for&nbsp;Parallelism</li>
<li>Use <code>Lock</code> to Prevent Data Races&nbsp;in&nbsp;Threads</li>
<li>Use <code>Queue</code> to Coordinate Work&nbsp;Between&nbsp;Threads</li>
<li>Consider Coroutines to Run Many&nbsp;Functions&nbsp;Concurrently</li>
<li>Consider <code>concurrent.futures</code> for&nbsp;True&nbsp;Parallelism</li>
<h3>Chapter 6: Built-in&nbsp;Modules</h3>
<p>Python is installed with many of the important modules that you&#8217;ll need to write programs. These standard packages are so closely intertwined with idiomatic Python that they may as well be part of the language specification. This chapter covers the essential built-in&nbsp;modules.</p>
<ol start="42">
<li>Define Function Decorators with <code>functools.wraps</code></li>
<li>Consider <code>contextlib</code> and <code>with</code> Statements for Reusable <code>try</code>/<code>finally</code> Behavior</li>
<li>Make <code>pickle</code> Reliable with <code>copyreg</code></li>
<li>Use <code>datetime</code> Instead of <code>time</code> for&nbsp;Local&nbsp;Clocks</li>
<li>Use Built-in Algorithms and&nbsp;Data&nbsp;Structures</li>
<li>Use <code>decimal</code> When Precision&nbsp;is&nbsp;Paramount</li>
<li>Know Where to Find&nbsp;Community-Built&nbsp;Modules</li>
<h3>Chapter 7:&nbsp;Collaboration</h3>
<p>Collaborating on Python programs requires you to be deliberate about how you write your code. Even if you&#8217;re working alone, you&#8217;ll want to understand how to use modules written by others. This chapter covers the standard tools and best practices that enable people to work together on Python&nbsp;programs.</p>
<ol start="49">
<li>Write Docstrings for Every Function, Class,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Module</li>
<li>Use Packages to Organize Modules and Provide&nbsp;Stable&nbsp;APIs</li>
<li>Define a Root <code>Exception</code> to Insulate Callers&nbsp;from&nbsp;APIs</li>
<li>Know How to Break&nbsp;Circular&nbsp;Dependencies</li>
<li>Use Virtual Environments for Isolated and&nbsp;Reproducible&nbsp;Dependencies</li>
<h3>Chapter 8:&nbsp;Production</h3>
<p>Python has facilities for adapting to multiple deployment environments. It also has built-in modules that aid in hardening your programs and making them bulletproof. This chapter covers how to use Python to debug, optimize, and test your programs to maximize quality and performance at&nbsp;runtime.</p>
<ol start="54">
<li>Consider Module-Scoped Code to Configure&nbsp;Deployment&nbsp;Environments</li>
<li>Use <code>repr</code> Strings for&nbsp;Debugging&nbsp;Output</li>
<li>Test Everything with <code>unittest</code></li>
<li>Consider Interactive Debugging with <code>pdb</code></li>
<li>Profile&nbsp;Before&nbsp;Optimizing</li>
<li>Use <code>tracemalloc</code> to Understand Memory Usage&nbsp;and&nbsp;Leaks</li>
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                <h2>Brett&nbsp;Slatkin</h2>
    <img class="about-photo" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/bslatkin_square.jpg" alt="Brett Slatkin">
<p>Brett is a Senior Staff Software Engineer at Google. He is the engineering lead and co-founder of <a href="https://www.google.com/insights/consumersurveys/home">Google Consumer Surveys</a>. He formerly worked on <a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine&#8217;s</a> Python infrastructure. He is the co-creator of the <a href="https://code.google.com/p/pubsubhubbub/">PubSubHubbub</a> protocol. Nine years ago he cut his teeth using Python to manage Google&#8217;s enormous fleet of&nbsp;servers.</p>
<p>Outside of his day job, he works on <a href="http://github.com/bslatkin">open source tools</a> and writes about software, bicycles, and other topics <a href="http://www.onebigfluke.com">on his personal website</a>. He earned his <span class="caps">B.S.</span> in Computer Engineering from Columbia University in the City of New York. He lives in San&nbsp;Francisco.</p>
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                <h1>Updates</h1>
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        <div class="row hentry" id="python-eficaz-português">
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                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2016/08/06/python-eficaz-português/">Python&nbsp;Eficaz</a></h2>
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                    <abbr class="published" title="2016-08-06T18:45:00-07:00">Sat 06 August 2016</abbr>
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                        <p><a href="http://novatec.com.br/livros/python-eficaz/"><img class="learn-more-photo" alt="Python Eficaz" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover_pt_br.jpg"></a></p>
<p>The publishing house Novatec Editora has translated and released a Portuguese version of <em>Effective Python</em>. You can buy the book <a href="http://novatec.com.br/livros/python-eficaz/">directly from the publisher</a>.</p>
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                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2016/05/07/effective-python-hans/">Effective Python&nbsp;简体中文</a></h2>
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                    <abbr class="published" title="2016-05-07T09:00:00-07:00">Sat 07 May 2016</abbr>
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                        <p><a href="https://www.amazon.cn/Effective-Python-%E7%BC%96%E5%86%99%E9%AB%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8FPython%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%9A%8459%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95-%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91/dp/B01ASI36QS"><img class="learn-more-photo" alt="Effective Python 简体中文" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover_zh_hans.jpg"></a></p>
<p>The publishing house 机械工业出版社 (China Machine Press) has translated and released a Chinese (Simplified) version of <em>Effective Python</em>. You can buy the book <a href="http://www.cmpbook.com/stackroom.php?id=41800">directly from the publisher</a> or <a href="https://www.amazon.cn/Effective-Python-%E7%BC%96%E5%86%99%E9%AB%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8FPython%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%9A%8459%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95-%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91/dp/B01ASI36QS">get it on Amazon.cn</a>.</p>
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        <div class="row hentry" id="effective-python-kr">
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                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2016/04/03/effective-python-kr/">Effective Python 파이썬 코딩의&nbsp;기술</a></h2>
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                    <abbr class="published" title="2016-04-03T17:00:00-07:00">Sun 03 April 2016</abbr>
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                        <p><a href="http://www.gilbut.co.kr/book/bookView.aspx?bookcode=BN001430"><img class="learn-more-photo" alt="Effective Python 파이썬 코딩의 기술" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover_kr.jpg"></a></p>
<p>The publishing house Gilbut Inc. has translated and released a Korean version of <em>Effective Python</em>. <a href="http://www.gilbut.co.kr/book/bookView.aspx?bookcode=BN001430">The publisher&#8217;s website</a> links to many different retailers online where you can buy the&nbsp;book.</p>
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        <div class="row hentry" id="effective-python-jp">
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                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2016/01/23/effective-python-jp/">Effective Python&nbsp;日本語</a></h2>
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                    <abbr class="published" title="2016-01-23T09:00:00-08:00">Sat 23 January 2016</abbr>
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                        <p><a href="http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4873117569"><img class="learn-more-photo"  alt="Effective Python 日本語" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover_jp.jpg"></a></p>
<p>The publishing house O&#8217;Reilly Japan has translated and released a Japanese version of <em>Effective Python</em>. You can buy the book <a href="http://www.oreilly.co.jp/books/9784873117560/">directly from the publisher</a> or <a href="http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4873117569">get it on Amazon.jp</a>.</p>
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        <div class="row hentry" id="efektywny-python-pl">
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                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/11/20/efektywny-python-pl/">Efektywny&nbsp;Python</a></h2>
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                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-11-20T09:00:00-08:00">Fri 20 November 2015</abbr>
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                        <p><a href="http://helion.pl/ksiazki/efektywny-python-59-sposobow-na-lepszy-kod-brett-slatkin,efepyt.htm"><img class="learn-more-photo" alt="Efektywny Python" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover_pl.jpg"></a></p>
<p>The publishing house Helion has translated and released a Polish version of <em>Effective Python</em>. You can buy the book <a href="http://helion.pl/ksiazki/efektywny-python-59-sposobow-na-lepszy-kod-brett-slatkin,efepyt.htm">directly from the publisher</a>.</p>
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        <div class="row hentry" id="effektiv-python-deutsch">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/11/15/effektiv-python-deutsch/">Effektiv Python&nbsp;​programmieren</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-11-15T21:40:00-08:00">Sun 15 November 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p><a href="http://www.amazon.de/Effektiv-Python-programmieren-mitp-Professional/dp/3958451810"><img class="learn-more-photo" alt="Effektiv Python programmieren" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover_de.jpg"></a></p>
<p>The publishing house mitp-Verlag has translated and released a German version of <em>Effective Python</em>. You can buy the book <a href="http://www.mitp.de/IT-Web/Programmierung/Effektiv-Python-programmieren.html">directly from the publisher</a> or <a href="http://www.amazon.de/Effektiv-Python-programmieren-mitp-Professional/dp/3958451810">get it on Amazon.de</a> (including Kindle&nbsp;edition).</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="talk-python-to-me-podcast">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/09/09/talk-python-to-me-podcast/">Talk Python To Me&nbsp;Podcast</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-09-09T09:00:00-07:00">Wed 09 September 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p>I was invited on to the <a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/show/25/effective-python">Talk Python To Me Podcast</a> to talk about <em>Effective Python</em>. You can <a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/transcript/25/effective-python">read the full transcript here</a> or listen to the audio embedded below. Thanks to Michael Kennedy for being such a welcoming&nbsp;host.</p>
<p><audio controls>
  <source src="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/download/25/effective-python.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio></p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="effective-python-cn">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/08/27/effective-python-cn/">Effective Python&nbsp;中文版</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-08-27T09:00:00-07:00">Thu 27 August 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p><a href="http://books.gotop.com.tw/v_ACL043700"><img class="learn-more-photo" alt="Effective Python 中文版" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/cover_zh_hant.jpg"></a></p>
<p>The publishing house 碁峰 (Acer Peak) has translated and released a Chinese (Traditional) version of <em>Effective Python</em>. You can buy the book <a href="http://books.gotop.com.tw/v_ACL043700">directly from the publisher</a> or <a href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Brett_Slatkin_Effective_Python_%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%89%88_%E5%AF%AB%E5%87%BA%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD_Python_%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84?id=V2m7CgAAQBAJ">get a digital edition on Google Play</a>.</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="live-lessons-video">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/08/04/live-lessons-video/">Live Lessons&nbsp;Video</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-08-04T09:00:00-07:00">Tue 04 August 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p><a href="http://www.informit.com/store/effective-python-livelessons-video-training-downloadable-9780134175164"><img alt="Effective Python Live Lessons" class="learn-more-photo" src="http://www.effectivepython.com/images/live_lessons.png"></a></p>
<p>I worked with Addison-Wesley to produce a video version of the book <em>Effective Python</em>. You can view samples and buy the video <a href="http://www.informit.com/store/effective-python-livelessons-video-training-downloadable-9780134175164">on the publisher&#8217;s website</a>. </p>
<p>It includes 5 hours of video, covering 32 items from the book in six lessons. The content is primarily me using a source code editor to write Python programs that demonstrate the items from the&nbsp;book.</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="pycon-montreal">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/04/10/pycon-montreal/">Talk at PyCon&nbsp;Montréal</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-04-10T10:50:00-07:00">Fri 10 April 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
<p>I gave a talk at PyCon Montréal entitled &#8220;How to Be More Effective with Functions&#8221;.
                        <a class="read-more" href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/04/10/pycon-montreal/">Continue&nbsp;reading&nbsp;&raquo;</a>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="consider-coroutines-to-run-many-functions-concurrently">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/03/10/consider-coroutines-to-run-many-functions-concurrently/">Item 40: Consider Coroutines to Run Many Functions&nbsp;Concurrently</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-03-10T22:45:00-07:00">Tue 10 March 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
<p>Threads give Python programmers a way to run multiple functions seemingly at the same time. But there are three big problems with threads:
                        <a class="read-more" href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/03/10/consider-coroutines-to-run-many-functions-concurrently/">Continue&nbsp;reading&nbsp;&raquo;</a>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="books-is-published">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/03/06/books-is-published/">The Book Is&nbsp;Published</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-03-06T14:00:00-08:00">Fri 06 March 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p>Printed, physical copies of the <em>Effective Python</em> book are now for sale! <a href="http://goo.gl/mpVxz2">Follow this link to buy directly from the publisher</a> (free shipping in the <span class="caps">USA</span>). The publisher also has ePub and <span class="caps">PDF</span> versions available. <a href="http://amzn.to/1ylkKmc">Follow this link to buy from Amazon</a>.  Amazon also has a Kindle edition&nbsp;available.</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="digital-editions-now-available">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/02/15/digital-editions-now-available/">Digital Editions Now&nbsp;Available</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-02-15T13:00:00-08:00">Sun 15 February 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p>Digital editions of <em>Effective Python</em> are now available. <a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/link?id=YvEWtFaKGwg&amp;offerid=145238.2235742&amp;type=2&amp;murl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Ftitle%2F9780134034423">Follow this link to buy the ePub or <span class="caps">PDF</span> version</a>. <a href="http://amzn.to/1AFwumA">Follow this link to buy the Kindle edition</a>. The print copy is due out on March&nbsp;6th.</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="accept-functions-for-simple-interfaces-instead-of-classes">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/02/12/accept-functions-for-simple-interfaces-instead-of-classes/">Item 23: Accept Functions for Simple Interfaces Instead of&nbsp;Classes</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-02-12T10:20:00-08:00">Thu 12 February 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
<p>Many of Python&#8217;s built-in APIs allow you to customize behavior by passing in a function. These <em>hooks</em> are used by APIs to call back your code while they execute.
                        <a class="read-more" href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/02/12/accept-functions-for-simple-interfaces-instead-of-classes/">Continue&nbsp;reading&nbsp;&raquo;</a>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="register-class-existence-with-metaclasses">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/02/02/register-class-existence-with-metaclasses/">Item 34: Register Class Existence with&nbsp;Metaclasses</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-02-02T22:22:00-08:00">Mon 02 February 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
<p>A common use of metaclasses is to automatically register types in your program. Registration is useful for doing reverse lookups, where you need to map a simple identifier back to a corresponding class.
                        <a class="read-more" href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/02/02/register-class-existence-with-metaclasses/">Continue&nbsp;reading&nbsp;&raquo;</a>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="use-virtual-environments-for-isolated-and-reproducible-dependencies">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/01/21/use-virtual-environments-for-isolated-and-reproducible-dependencies/">Item 53: Use Virtual Environments for Isolated and Reproducible <wbr>Dependencies</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-01-21T19:45:00-08:00">Wed 21 January 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
<p>Building larger and more complex programs often leads you to rely on various packages from the Python community. You&#8217;ll find yourself running <code>pip</code> to install packages like <code>pytz</code>, <code>numpy</code>, and many&nbsp;others.</p>
<p>The problem is that by default <code>pip</code> installs new packages in a global location. That causes all Python programs on your system to be affected by these installed modules. In theory, this shouldn&#8217;t be an issue. If you install a package and never <code>import</code> it, how could it affect your programs?
                        <a class="read-more" href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/01/21/use-virtual-environments-for-isolated-and-reproducible-dependencies/">Continue&nbsp;reading&nbsp;&raquo;</a>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="be-defensive-when-iterating-over-arguments">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/01/03/be-defensive-when-iterating-over-arguments/">Item 17: Be Defensive When Iterating Over&nbsp;Arguments</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2015-01-03T23:30:00-08:00">Sat 03 January 2015</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
<p>When a function takes a list of objects as a parameter, it&#8217;s often important to iterate over that list multiple times.
                        <a class="read-more" href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2015/01/03/be-defensive-when-iterating-over-arguments/">Continue&nbsp;reading&nbsp;&raquo;</a>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="rough-cut-is-online">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2014/12/18/rough-cut-is-online/">The Rough Cut Is&nbsp;Online</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2014-12-18T19:15:00-08:00">Thu 18 December 2014</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p>Can&#8217;t wait until next year for the book to be published? The rough cut is now <a href="http://safari.informit.com/9780134034416">available on Safari Books Online</a>. This is an early preview of the full content of the book before editing has been&nbsp;completed.</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="preorder-the-book">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2014/12/04/preorder-the-book/">Now Available for&nbsp;Preorder</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2014-12-04T23:45:00-08:00">Thu 04 December 2014</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p><em>Effective Python</em> is now available for preorder on Amazon. <a href="http://amzn.to/1ylkKmc">Follow this link to buy your copy in advance</a>. It will ship in early 2015 once the book is&nbsp;published.</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="final-draft-done">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2014/11/16/final-draft-done/">Final Draft&nbsp;Done</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2014-11-16T00:30:00-08:00">Sun 16 November 2014</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p>The final draft of the book is done. It&#8217;s 55,000 words, 250+ pages, 8 chapters, 59 items. Reviewers spent a lot of time looking over earlier drafts to ensure that the book will be useful. Now it&#8217;s off to production to be turned into a printable&nbsp;layout.</p>
                    </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row hentry" id="welcome-to-effective-python">
            <div class="col-md-12">
                <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="http://www.effectivepython.com/2014/08/18/welcome-to-effective-python/">Welcome</a></h2>
                <div class="text-muted published-container">
                    <abbr class="published" title="2014-08-18T09:45:00-07:00">Mon 18 August 2014</abbr>
                </div>
                    <div class="entry-content">
                        <p>This website is now live! Here you&#8217;ll find updates about my progress towards <em>Effective Python</em>&#8216;s eventual publishing by Addison-Wesley. You can find other books from the <em>Effective</em> series <a href="http://www.informit.com/imprint/series_detail.aspx?st=61267">in Pearson&#8217;s online store</a>.</p>
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