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---
title: Processing Data from Satellite Remote Sensing
---
```{r, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, results='hide', purl=FALSE}
source("../functions.R")
library(kableExtra)
options(knitr.table.format = 'markdown')
knitr::opts_chunk$set(cache=T,
fig.width=6,
fig.height=3,
dpi=200,
dev="png")
library(knitr)
```
## Objectives
* Brief introduction to remote sensing
* Obtaining NASA remote sensing data
* MODIS
* MODIS data processing
## Active Earth Observing Satellites (EOS) (as of 8/31/2015)
* Total number of operating satellites: 1,305
* Total Earth Observing Satellites (EOS): 333
* United States: 34%
* China: 21%
* Japan 6.3%
From the [Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database](http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellite-database.html#.VjzlnoS98VQ) and [Pixalytics Blog](http://www.pixalytics.com/blog/)
## Debris & Satellites in low Earth orbit
<img src="PS_10_assets//satellites.jpg" alt="alt text" width="75%">
Image courtesy of [European Space Agency](http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2008/03/Debris_objects_-_mostly_debris_-_in_low_Earth_orbit_LEO_-_view_over_the_equator)
## NASA's Earth Observing System
<img src="PS_10_assets//eos.jpg" alt="alt text" width="75%">
## Passive Remote Sensing
## Electromagnetic Radiation
<img src="PS_10_assets/spectrum.png" alt="alt text" width="100%">
## EarthData
[EarthData.nasa.gov](https://earthdata.nasa.gov)
Datasets, news, articles, information
<img src="PS_10_assets//Earthdata1.png" alt="alt text" width="75%">
## EarthData
[EarthData.nasa.gov](https://earthdata.nasa.gov)
Datasets, news, articles, information
<img src="PS_10_assets//Earthdata2.png" alt="alt text" width="75%">
# MODIS
## Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
<img src="PS_10_assets//TerraLaunch.png" alt="alt text" width="75%">
2 Satellites _Terra_ launched in 1999, _Aqua_ in 2002.
## Technical Details: swath
<img src="PS_10_assets//terra.png" alt="alt text" width="75%">
Viewing swath width of 2,330 km
Technical Details: spatial coverage
---
<img src="PS_10_assets//first_complete_day_from_modis.jpg" alt="alt text" width="75%">
Covers Earth every one to two days
Technical Details: spectral coverage
---
<img src="PS_10_assets//spectrum2.png" alt="alt text" width="75%">
36 spectral bands between 0.405 and 14.385 µm
Technical Details: spatial resolution
---
<img src="PS_10_assets//resolution.jpg" alt="alt text" width="50%">
3 spatial resolutions -- 250m, 500m, and 1,000m
## MODIS Data Processing
* Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System in White Sands, New Mexico
* EOS Data and Operations System @ Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD
* MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS)
* 3 DAACs for distribution
## MODIS products (a subset...)
## Atmosphere
* Aerosol & Clouds
* Total Precipitable Water
## Cryosphere Products
* Snow Cover
* Sea Ice and Ice Surface Temperature
## Ocean Products
* Sea Surface Temperature
* Sub-surface Chlorophyll-a Concentration
* Particulate Carbon
* Photosynthetically Available Radiation
## Land Products
* Surface Reflectance
* Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity
* Land Cover Products
* Vegetation Index Products (NDVI and EVI)
* Thermal Anomalies - Active Fires
* Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) / Leaf Area Index (LAI)
* Evapotranspiration
* Primary Productivity
* Vegetation Continuous Fields
* Water Mask
* Burned Area Product
## Example product workflow
<img src="PS_10_assets//VI_flow.png" alt="alt text" heigt="90%">
MODIS Products used to generate vegetation indices. From the [MOD13 Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document](http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/atbd/atbd_mod13.pdf).
# Data
## Data formats
Most NASA EOS data distributed as HDF files, which are very similar to netCDF.
<img src="PS_10_assets//NETCDF4Library.jpg" alt="alt text" width="75%">
## NetCDF / HDF
<img src="PS_10_assets//netcdf2.png" alt="alt text" width="75%">
## Collection-Level Naming Conventsions
`MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V005`
* `MODIS/Terra` - Instrument/Sensor
* `Surface Reflectance` - Geophysical Parameter
* `8-Day` - Temporal Resolution
* `L3` - Processing Level
* `Global` - Global or Swath
* `500m` - Spatial Resolution
* `SIN Grid` - Gridded or Not
* `V005` - Collection Version
## MODIS Gridding system
## Filename Conventions
`MOD09A1.A2006001.h08v05.005.2006012234657.hdf`
* `MOD09A1` - Product Short Name
* `.A2006001` - Julian Date of Acquisition (A-YYYYDDD)
* `.h08v05` - Tile Identifier (horizontalXXverticalYY)
* `.005` - Collection Version
* `.2006012234567` - Julian Date of Production (YYYYDDDHHMMSS)
* `.hdf` - Data Format (HDF-EOS)
## MODIS Temporal Resolution
* Daily
* 8-Day
* 16-Day
* Monthly
* Quarterly
* Yearly
## MODIS Spatial Resolution
* **Bands 1–2** 250-meter
* **Bands 3–7** 500-meter
* **Bands 8–36** 1000-meter
## MODIS Data
### Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs)
* **Level 1 data:** geolocation, cloud mask, and atmosphere products [ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov](http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/)
* **Land products:** [lpdaac.usgs.gov](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/)
* **Cryosphere (snow/ice) products:** [nsidc.org/daac/modis](http://nsidc.org/daac/modis/index.html)
* **Ocean color and sea surface temperature:** [oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov](http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
## Accessing data
The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center has a nice "Data Discovery" Tool:
## MODIS Products Table
Lists [all available MODIS land products]()
## Annual Land Cover Type Description
## Detailed layer information
## Data access links
Downloading: `http`/`ftp` access
---
or the [LP DAAC2Disk Download Manager](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/public/datapool/DAAC2DiskUserGuide.pdf) which builds a download script.
## MODIS Reprojection Tool
Available at [lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/modis_reprojection_tool](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/modis_reprojection_tool).
## MODIS Reprojection Tool: Subset & Reproject
`MCD12Q1.A2012001.h12v04.051.2014288200441.hdf`
Application for Extracting and Exploring Analysis Ready Samples (AppEEARS)
---
[https://lpdaacsvc.cr.usgs.gov/appeears/](https://lpdaacsvc.cr.usgs.gov/appeears/)
* Provide access to regional subsets
* Merge across tiles
* Download full time series
## Data Subset
Submit and wait for results...
## Presentation Credits
* Images: NASA
* Some contents from Steve Ackerman `stevea@ssec.wisc.edu`, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison