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"""
Visualization of Death Rate Gap Over Time
Author: Javed Ali
Date: October 22, 2023
Description:
This script visualizes the growing gap in death rates between the wealthiest and poorest areas over a span of 40 years,
from 1980 to 2020. The data is plotted on a 2D chart, highlighting key points with annotations.
Key Components:
- Data: Years (`1980, 2000, 2015, 2020`) and death rates for both wealthiest and poorest areas.
- Visualization:
- Filled region between two lines representing the difference in death rates.
- Individual lines and markers for both death rates.
- Annotations indicating the difference in death rates at specific points.
- Dotted lines connecting the death rates to highlight the difference.
- Styling:
- Removal of top, right, and left spines for clarity.
- Horizontal grid lines for better readability.
- Custom x and y tick labels.
- Title, subtitle, and footer information for comprehensive understanding.
Sources:
Data for this visualization is sourced from the "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" and the "U.S.
Census Bureau", as referenced in the footer of the plot.
Usage:
To visualize the data, simply run the script. The matplotlib library is utilized to generate the plot,
which displays upon execution.
"""
# Import required libraries
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Data
years = [1980, 2000, 2015, 2020]
death_rate_wealthiest = [600, 650, 675, 700]
death_rate_poorest = [688, 847, 1002, 1148]
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 7))
# Plot lines and fill
ax.fill_between(years, death_rate_wealthiest, death_rate_poorest, color="#E6E6FA")
ax.plot(years, death_rate_wealthiest, color="#C0C0C0", lw=2, marker="o")
ax.plot(years, death_rate_poorest, color="#8A2BE2", lw=2, marker="o")
# Annotations for the death rates and dotted lines
for y, w, p in zip(years, death_rate_wealthiest, death_rate_poorest):
diff = p - w
ax.text(y + 0.5, (w + p) / 2, f"{diff} more deaths", ha="center", va="center", fontsize=9, color="#8A2BE2")
ax.plot([y, y], [w, p], linestyle="--", color="#8A2BE2", linewidth=0.5)
# Additional texts
ax.text(1983, 805, "Death rate in \npoorest areas", color="#8A2BE2", fontsize=9)
ax.text(1985, 520, "Death rate in \nwealthiest areas", color="#C0C0C0", fontsize=9)
ax.text(
1995,
900,
"By 2000, the death rate gap\nhad grown so that people in the\npoorest areas were 27 percent\nmore likely to die each year.",
fontsize=8,
ha="left",
color="#8A2BE2",
)
ax.text(
2015,
1010,
"By 2015, people in the poorest\nareas were 49 percent more likely\nto die each year.",
fontsize=8,
ha="right",
color="#8A2BE2",
)
# Styling
ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)
ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)
ax.spines["left"].set_visible(False)
ax.spines["bottom"].set_color("#C0C0C0")
# Grid Lines
ax.grid(axis="y", linestyle="--", linewidth=0.5, color="#C0C0C0")
# Title and Subtitle
ax.text(1978, 1392, "Small death gap has grown wide", fontsize=15, fontweight="bold", ha="left")
ax.text(
1978,
1265,
"In the early 1980s, people in the poorest areas were 9 percent more likely to\ndie each year, with 88 more deaths per 100,000 people than their wealthy\ncounterparts. That gap has widened significantly over time.",
fontsize=10,
ha="left",
)
# Footer
footer = "Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Census Bureau"
ax.text(2000, -120, footer, fontsize=8, color="#C0C0C0")
# Adjusting y-axis limits and labels
ax.set_xlim(1978, 2022)
ax.set_ylim(0, 1200)
# Adjusting tick labels
ax.set_xticks([1980, 2000, 2015, 2020])
ax.set_yticks(range(0, 1201, 200))
ax.set_yticklabels([str(i) if i != 1200 else "1200 deaths per 100K" for i in range(0, 1201, 200)])
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()