forked from mattmakai/fullstackpython.com
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathdebugging.html
More file actions
246 lines (245 loc) · 32.2 KB
/
debugging.html
File metadata and controls
246 lines (245 loc) · 32.2 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Debugging involves instrumenting, isolating and hunting defects in running code. Learn more about debugging on Full Stack Python.">
<title>Debugging - Full Stack Python</title>
<style>
*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}
html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;font-size:18px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0),color:#222;background:#fefefe}
body{margin:0;font:18px Georgia,serif;line-height:1.4;color:#222;padding:0 0}
img{border:0;vertical-align:middle}
hr{height:0;box-sizing:content-box;margin:21px 0 21px 0;border:0;border-top:1px solid #eee}
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:#000}
h1,h2,h3{margin:32px 0 6px}
h4,h5,h6{margin:11px 0 11px 0}
h1{font-size:40px}
h2{font-size:28px}
h3{font-size:22px}
h4,h5,h6{font-size:18px}
p{margin:0 0 12px}
ul,ol{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:10px}
code,pre{font:1em Menlo,"Courier New",monospace}
code{padding:2px 4px;font-size:90%;color:#c7254e;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#f9f2f4;border-radius:4px}
pre{white-space:pre-wrap;display:block;padding:10px;margin:0 0 11px;font-size:10px;line-height:1.4;color:#333;word-break:break-all;word-wrap:break-word;background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px}
.container{padding:0 15px 0 15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}
.container:before,.container:after{display:table;content:" "}
.container:after{clear:both}
.row:before,.row:after{display:table;content:" "}
.row:after{clear:both}
.col-md-1,.col-md-2,.col-md-3,.col-md-4,.col-md-5,.col-md-6,.col-md-7,.col-md-8,.col-md-9,.col-md-10,.col-md-11,.col-md-12{position:relative;min-height:1px;padding:0 15px 0 15px}
.form-control{display:block;width:100%;height:39px;padding:8px 12px;font-size:14px;color:#777;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.075);transition:border-color ease-in-out .15s,box-shadow ease-in-out .15s}
.form-control:focus{border-color:#66afe9;outline:0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.075),0 0 8px rgba(102,175,233,0.6)}
.btn{display:inline-block;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:0;font-size:15px;font-weight:normal;line-height:1.4;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;background-image:none;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-o-user-select:none;user-select:none;color:#fff;background-color:#22b24c;border-color:#22b24c}
.btn:active,.btn.active{background-image:none;outline:0;box-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.125)}
.list-group{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:20px}
.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:10px 15px;margin-bottom:-1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ddd}
.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-right-radius:4px;border-top-left-radius:4px}
.list-group-item:last-child{margin-bottom:0;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px}
a.list-group-item{color:#333}
a.list-group-item:hover,a.list-group-item:focus{text-decoration:none;background-color:#f5f5f5}
a.list-group-item.active{z-index:2;background:#444;color:#fff;border:1px solid #222}
.panel{margin-bottom:21px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);border-color:#22b24c}
.panel-body{padding:15px}
.panel-body:before,.panel-body:after{display:table;content:" "}
.panel-body:after{clear:both}
.panel>.list-group{margin-bottom:0}
.panel>.list-group .list-group-item{border-width:1px 0}
.panel>.list-group .list-group-item:first-child{border-top-right-radius:0;border-top-left-radius:0}
.panel>.list-group .list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom:0}
.panel-heading+.list-group .list-group-item:first-child{border-top-width:0}
.panel-heading{padding:10px 15px;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-top-left-radius:3px;color:#468847;background-color:#22b24c;border-color:#22b24c}
.well{min-height:20px;padding:19px;margin-bottom:20px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}
a{background:transparent;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted;color:#444}
a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#000}
.logo-title a,.logo-title a:hover{font:72px "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:.03em;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:5px;color:#000;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:none;line-height:.9em}
.logo-title a:hover{color:#808080}
.logo-image{vertical-align:middle;border:none;height:52px;width:52px;padding:1px}
.logo-header-section{margin:20px 0 15px 0}
#sidebar{margin-top:30px}
.btn-full{width:100%;box-shadow:1px 2px 1px #222;padding-bottom:4px}
p.under-btn{text-align:left;margin-top:20px}
h3.panel-head{margin:5px 0 0 0;font-size:26px;color:#fff}
.smaller-item{font:.8em 'Helvetica Neue',sans-serif;padding:5px 0 5px 10px}
@media (max-width:1200px){h3.panel-head{font-size:22px}}@media (max-width:750px){.smaller-item{font-size:1em;padding:15px 0 15px 10px}}@media (max-width:720px){.logo-header-section{margin:20px 40px 0 0}}
.see-also{margin-top:20px;background:#22B24C;color:#eee;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif}
.see-also a{color: #fff}
p.banner{font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:#fff;font-size:22px;margin:14px 0 18px 0}
@media (min-width:750px){.container{width:730px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{width:750px}}@media (min-width:940px){.container{width:920px}}@media (min-width:1140px){.container{width:1120px}}.row{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}
@media (min-width:768px){#full-toc{display:block;} #mobile-toc{display:none;} .col-md-3,.col-md-4,.col-md-6,.col-md-8,.col-md-9,.col-md-12{float:left} .col-md-12{width:100%} .col-md-9{width:75%} .col-md-6{width:50%} .col-md-8{width:66.66666666666666%} .col-md-4{width:33.33333333333333%} .col-md-3{width:25%} .col-md-offset-1{margin-left:8.333333333333332%} .select-next{min-height:300px}}
@media (max-width:767px){#full-toc{display:none;} .logo-header-section{padding:8px 0 10px; margin:0} .logo-title a,.logo-title a:hover{font-size:34px} h1{font-size:28px} h2{font-size:24px} .logo-image{height:26px;width:26px} pre{font-size:50%}}
@media (min-width:1140px){.select-next{min-height:220px}}
.sans-font{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif}
</style>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/img/fsp-fav.png">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="logo-header-section">
<a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="/img/logo-sm.png" class="logo-image" alt="Full Stack Python logo"></a>
<span class="logo-title"><a href="https://www.fullstackpython.com/">Full Stack Python</a></span>
</div>
<div class="sans-font">
<a href="/table-of-contents.html">All topics</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="/blog.html">Blog</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="/email.html">Newsletter</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/fullstackpython">Facebook</a>
<span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span>
<a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/fullstackpython.com">Source</a>
</div> </div>
</div><div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<h1>Debugging</h1>
<p>Developers often find themselves in situations where the code they've written
is not working quite right. When that happens, a developer debugs their code
by instrumenting, executing and inspecting the code to determine what state
of the application does not match the assumptions of how the code should
be correctly running.</p>
<h2>Why is debugging important?</h2>
<p>There are bugs in every modest sized or larger application. Every
developer has to learn how to debug code in order to write programs that
work as correctly as time and budget allow.</p>
<h3>Debugging resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://howchoo.com/g/zgi2y2iwyze/debugging-your-python-code">Debugging your Python code</a>
walks through a scenario where
<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/pdb.html">pdb</a>
can be used to find a defect in a block of Python code.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://pymotw.com/2/pdb/">pdb - Interactive Debugger</a> is featured on
the Python Module of the Week blog and has some great detail on using
the program effectively.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.ionelmc.ro/2013/06/05/python-debugging-tools/">Python debugging tools</a>
provides a list of tools such as pdb and its derivatives ipdb, pudb and
pdb++ along with how they can be used in the hunt for defects.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://pythonconquerstheuniverse.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/debugging-in-python/">Debugging in Python</a>
elaborates on what pdb does and how it can be used.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What's next after testing your application?</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/code-metrics.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1596 380q28 28 48 76t20 88v1152q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-1344q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-1600q0-40 28-68t68-28h896q40 0 88 20t76 48zm-444-244v376h376q-10-29-22-41l-313-313q-12-12-41-22zm384 1528v-1024h-416q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-416h-768v1536h1280zm-1024-864q0-14 9-23t23-9h704q14 0 23 9t9 23v64q0 14-9 23t-23 9h-704q-14 0-23-9t-9-23v-64zm736 224q14 0 23 9t9 23v64q0 14-9 23t-23 9h-704q-14 0-23-9t-9-23v-64q0-14 9-23t23-9h704zm0 256q14 0 23 9t9 23v64q0 14-9 23t-23 9h-704q-14 0-23-9t-9-23v-64q0-14 9-23t23-9h704z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a>
<p class="under-btn">What code metrics should I be aware of?</p> </div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1639 1056q0 5-1 7-64 268-268 434.5t-478 166.5q-146 0-282.5-55t-243.5-157l-129 129q-19 19-45 19t-45-19-19-45v-448q0-26 19-45t45-19h448q26 0 45 19t19 45-19 45l-137 137q71 66 161 102t187 36q134 0 250-65t186-179q11-17 53-117 8-23 30-23h192q13 0 22.5 9.5t9.5 22.5zm25-800v448q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-448q-26 0-45-19t-19-45 19-45l138-138q-148-137-349-137-134 0-250 65t-186 179q-11 17-53 117-8 23-30 23h-199q-13 0-22.5-9.5t-9.5-22.5v-7q65-268 270-434.5t480-166.5q146 0 284 55.5t245 156.5l130-129q19-19 45-19t45 19 19 45z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a>
<p class="under-btn">Can I automate testing and deployments for my app?</p> </div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<div class="well select-next">
<a href="/unit-testing.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M512 1248v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm0-512v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm640 512v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm-640-1024v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm640 512v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm640 512v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm-640-1024v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm640 512v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68zm0-512v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-320q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h320q40 0 68 28t28 68z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a>
<p class="under-btn">How do I create unit tests?</p> </div>
</div>
</div><div id="mc_embed_signup">
<form action="//mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate>
<div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll">
<h4>Sign up here to receive a monthly email with major updates to this site, tutorials and discount codes for Python books.</h4>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-9">
<input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="email address" required>
<div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d_b22335388d" tabindex="-1" value=""></div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<div class="clear"><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-success" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-3" id="sidebar">
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-body">
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/"><img src="/img/sponsored/fsp-deployment-guide.png" alt="The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments" width="100%"></a>
<p style="font-size: .8em; margin-top: 10px;">Searching for a complete, step-by-step deployment walkthrough? Learn more about <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div><div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-head">Email Updates</h3>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<div id="mc_embed_signup">
<form action="//mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate>
<div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll">
<h5>Sign up to get a monthly email with Python tutorials and major updates to this site.</h5>
<input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="email address" required>
<div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d_b22335388d" tabindex="-1" value=""></div>
<input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-success" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; margin-top: 5px;">
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="panel" id="full-toc">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Table of Contents</a></h3>
</div>
<div class="list-group">
<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Learning Programming</a><a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Why Use Python?</a><a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python 2 or 3?</a><a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Enterprise Python</a><a href="/python-community.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python Community</a><a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Resources</a><a href="/best-python-videos.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Videos</a><a href="/best-python-podcasts.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Podcasts</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/vim.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Vim</a><a href="/emacs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Emacs</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Source Control</a><a href="/git.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Git</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Application Dependencies</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/generators.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Generators</a><a href="/comprehensions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Comprehensions</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Testing</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Unit Testing</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Integration Testing</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Code Metrics</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Debugging</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Logging</a><a href="/markdown.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Markdown</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Security</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Web Development</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web Frameworks</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Morepath</a><a href="/sanic.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Sanic</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Other Web Frameworks</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Template Engines</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Jinja2</a><a href="/mako.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Mako</a><a href="/django-templates.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Django Templates</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web Design</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>JavaScript</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Task Queues</a><a href="/celery.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Celery</a><a href="/redis-queue-rq.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Redis Queue (RQ)</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Microservices</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Static Site Generators</a><a href="/pelican.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pelican</a><a href="/lektor.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Lektor</a><a href="/mkdocs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MkDocs</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WebSockets</a><a href="/uvloop.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>uvloop</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Deployment</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Servers</a><a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Static Content</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Platform-as-a-Service</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Operating Systems</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web Servers</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Apache HTTP Server</a><a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Nginx</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Caddy</a><a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WSGI Servers</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Continuous Integration</a><a href="/jenkins.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Jenkins</a><a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Configuration Management</a><a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Docker</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Data</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Relational Databases</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLite</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Object-relational Mappers</a><a href="/sqlalchemy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>SQLAlchemy</a><a href="/peewee.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Peewee</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>NoSQL Data Stores</a><a href="/redis.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Redis</a><a href="/mongodb.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MongoDB</a><a href="/apache-cassandra.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Apache Cassandra</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>10. Web APIs</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Bots</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>API Creation</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>API Integration</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Twilio</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>11. DevOps</a><a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Monitoring</a><a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Caching</a><a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Web Analytics</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>12. Change Log</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>What Full Stack Means</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>About the Author</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Future Directions</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
</div>
</div> <div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Debugging</h3></div>
<div class="panel-body">
Major updates are tweeted via
<a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>.
<hr/>
Need more detailed tutorials than you see here?
<a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">Learn more about The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book.</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="panel" id="mobile-toc">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Chapters</a></h3>
</div>
<div class="list-group">
<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Testing</a> <a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Debugging</a>
<a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Security</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Web Development</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Deployment</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Data</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>10. Web APIs</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>11. DevOps</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>12. Change Log</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
<hr/>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0 0 12px;background-color: #22B24C;">
<div class="container">
<p class="banner sans-font">
<a href="https://gumroad.com/l/python-deployments" style="color: #fff">Learn to deploy Python web applications with this step-by-step book</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container">
<div class="sans-font" style="padding:8px 0 30px 0;float:right">
<a href="https://github.com/mattmakai" class="underline">Matt Makai</a>
<a href="/change-log.html">2012-2017</a>
</div>
</div><script>
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
ga('create', 'UA-19910497-7', 'auto');
ga('send', 'pageview');
</script><script type='text/javascript'>
var trackOutboundLink = function(url) { ga('send', 'event', 'outbound', 'click', url, {'hitCallback': function () { document.location = url; } }); }
</script>
</body>
</html>