Di-fork dari clean-code-python, dengan referensi penerjemahan dari clean-code-javascript.
Prinsip Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak, oleh Robert C. Buku Clean Code oleh Martin, diadaptasi untuk Python. Perlu diingat bahwa panduan ini bukan tentang gaya penulisan kode. Panduan ini lebih tentang membuat perangkat lunak yg mudah dibaca, dapat digunakan kembali, dan mudah direfaktor kembali dalam bahasa Python.
Tidak semua prinsip disini harus diikuti secara ketat, dan bahkan lebih sedikit akan lebih mudah disepakati bersama. Ini hanyalah panduan-panduan saja dan tidak lebih, tetapi panduan-panduan ini dikodifikiasi selama bertahun-tahun dari pengalaman kolektif penulis buku Clean Code.
Terinspirasi dari clean-code-javascript
Untuk Python3.7+
Buruk:
import datetime
ymdstr = datetime.date.today().strftime("%y-%m-%d")Baik:
import datetime
current_date: str = datetime.date.today().strftime("%y-%m-%d")Buruk: Di sini kita menggunakan tiga nama berbeda untuk entitas dasar yang sama:
def get_user_info(): pass
def get_client_data(): pass
def get_customer_record(): passBaik: Jika entitasnya sama, Anda harus menggunakan rujukan yang konsisten dalam fungsi Anda:
def get_user_info(): pass
def get_user_data(): pass
def get_user_record(): passLebih Baik: Python is (also) an object oriented programming language. If it makes sense, package the functions together with the concrete implementation of the entity in your code, as instance attributes, property methods, or methods:
from typing import Union, Dict, Text
class Record:
pass
class User:
info : str
@property
def data(self) -> Dict[Text, Text]:
return {}
def get_record(self) -> Union[Record, None]:
return Record()
Kita akan lebih banyak membaca kode daripada menulisnya. Maka penting hukumnya menulis kode untuk mudah dibaca dan mudah dicari. Dengan tidak memberi nama variabel yang bermakna untuk memahami program kita, kita menyakiti pembaca kode kita. Buat nama variabel lebih mudah dicari.
Buruk:
import time
# Angka 86400 itu untuk apa?
time.sleep(86400)Baik:
import time
# Declare them in the global namespace for the module.
SECONDS_IN_A_DAY = 60 * 60 * 24
time.sleep(SECONDS_IN_A_DAY)Buruk:
import re
address = "One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014"
city_zip_code_regex = r"^[^,\\]+[,\\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$"
matches = re.match(city_zip_code_regex, address)
if matches:
print(f"{matches[1]}: {matches[2]}")Tidak buruk:
Ini lebih baik, tapi kita masih sangat bergantung pada regex.
import re
address = "One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014"
city_zip_code_regex = r"^[^,\\]+[,\\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$"
matches = re.match(city_zip_code_regex, address)
if matches:
city, zip_code = matches.groups()
print(f"{city}: {zip_code}")Baik:
Kurangi ketergantungan pada regex dengan memberi nama pada subpola.
import re
address = "One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014"
city_zip_code_regex = r"^[^,\\]+[,\\\s]+(?P<city>.+?)\s*(?P<zip_code>\d{5})?$"
matches = re.match(city_zip_code_regex, address)
if matches:
print(f"{matches['city']}, {matches['zip_code']}")Jangan paksa pembaca kode Anda untuk menerjemahkan arti dari sebuah variabel. Eksplisit lebih baik daripada implisit.
Buruk:
seq = ("Austin", "New York", "San Francisco")
for item in seq:
#do_stuff()
#do_some_other_stuff()
# Sebentar, `item` itu untuk apa tadi?
print(item)Baik:
locations = ("Austin", "New York", "San Francisco")
for location in locations:
#do_stuff()
#do_some_other_stuff()
# ...
print(location)Jika nama class/objek kamu memiliki arti tertentu, jangan mengulanginya di dalam nama variabel.
Buruk:
class Car:
car_make: str
car_model: str
car_color: strBaik:
class Car:
make: str
model: str
color: strRumit
Kenapa menulis:
import hashlib
def create_micro_brewery(name):
name = "Hipster Brew Co." if name is None else name
slug = hashlib.sha1(name.encode()).hexdigest()
# etc.... padahal Anda bisa menentukan argumen default? Ini juga menjelaskan bahwa Anda mengharapkan string sebagai nilai argumennya.
Baik:
from typing import Text
import hashlib
def create_micro_brewery(name: Text = "Hipster Brew Co."):
slug = hashlib.sha1(name.encode()).hexdigest()
# etc.Limiting the amount of function parameters is incredibly important because it makes testing your function easier. Having more than three leads to a combinatorial explosion where you have to test tons of different cases with each separate argument.
Zero arguments is the ideal case. One or two arguments is ok, and three should be avoided. Anything more than that should be consolidated. Usually, if you have more than two arguments then your function is trying to do too much. In cases where it"s not, most of the time a higher-level object will suffice as an argument.
Bad:
def create_menu(title, body, button_text, cancellable):
passJava-esque:
class Menu:
def __init__(self, config: dict):
self.title = config["title"]
self.body = config["body"]
# ...
menu = Menu(
{
"title": "My Menu",
"body": "Something about my menu",
"button_text": "OK",
"cancellable": False
}
)Also good
from typing import Text
class MenuConfig:
"""A configuration for the Menu.
Attributes:
title: The title of the Menu.
body: The body of the Menu.
button_text: The text for the button label.
cancellable: Can it be cancelled?
"""
title: Text
body: Text
button_text: Text
cancellable: bool = False
def create_menu(config: MenuConfig) -> None:
title = config.title
body = config.body
# ...
config = MenuConfig()
config.title = "My delicious menu"
config.body = "A description of the various items on the menu"
config.button_text = "Order now!"
# The instance attribute overrides the default class attribute.
config.cancellable = True
create_menu(config)Fancy
from typing import NamedTuple
class MenuConfig(NamedTuple):
"""A configuration for the Menu.
Attributes:
title: The title of the Menu.
body: The body of the Menu.
button_text: The text for the button label.
cancellable: Can it be cancelled?
"""
title: str
body: str
button_text: str
cancellable: bool = False
def create_menu(config: MenuConfig):
title, body, button_text, cancellable = config
# ...
create_menu(
MenuConfig(
title="My delicious menu",
body="A description of the various items on the menu",
button_text="Order now!"
)
)Even fancier
from typing import Text
from dataclasses import astuple, dataclass
@dataclass
class MenuConfig:
"""A configuration for the Menu.
Attributes:
title: The title of the Menu.
body: The body of the Menu.
button_text: The text for the button label.
cancellable: Can it be cancelled?
"""
title: Text
body: Text
button_text: Text
cancellable: bool = False
def create_menu(config: MenuConfig):
title, body, button_text, cancellable = astuple(config)
# ...
create_menu(
MenuConfig(
title="My delicious menu",
body="A description of the various items on the menu",
button_text="Order now!"
)
)Even fancier, Python3.8+ only
from typing import TypedDict, Text
class MenuConfig(TypedDict):
"""A configuration for the Menu.
Attributes:
title: The title of the Menu.
body: The body of the Menu.
button_text: The text for the button label.
cancellable: Can it be cancelled?
"""
title: Text
body: Text
button_text: Text
cancellable: bool
def create_menu(config: MenuConfig):
title = config["title"]
# ...
create_menu(
# You need to supply all the parameters
MenuConfig(
title="My delicious menu",
body="A description of the various items on the menu",
button_text="Order now!",
cancellable=True
)
)This is by far the most important rule in software engineering. When functions do more than one thing, they are harder to compose, test, and reason about. When you can isolate a function to just one action, they can be refactored easily and your code will read much cleaner. If you take nothing else away from this guide other than this, you"ll be ahead of many developers.
Bad:
from typing import List
class Client:
active: bool
def email(client: Client) -> None:
pass
def email_clients(clients: List[Client]) -> None:
"""Filter active clients and send them an email.
"""
for client in clients:
if client.active:
email(client)Good:
from typing import List
class Client:
active: bool
def email(client: Client) -> None:
pass
def get_active_clients(clients: List[Client]) -> List[Client]:
"""Filter active clients.
"""
return [client for client in clients if client.active]
def email_clients(clients: List[Client]) -> None:
"""Send an email to a given list of clients.
"""
for client in get_active_clients(clients):
email(client)Do you see an opportunity for using generators now?
Even better
from typing import Generator, Iterator
class Client:
active: bool
def email(client: Client):
pass
def active_clients(clients: Iterator[Client]) -> Generator[Client, None, None]:
"""Only active clients"""
return (client for client in clients if client.active)
def email_client(clients: Iterator[Client]) -> None:
"""Send an email to a given list of clients.
"""
for client in active_clients(clients):
email(client)Bad:
class Email:
def handle(self) -> None:
pass
message = Email()
# What is this supposed to do again?
message.handle()Good:
class Email:
def send(self) -> None:
"""Send this message"""
message = Email()
message.send()When you have more than one level of abstraction, your function is usually doing too much. Splitting up functions leads to reusability and easier testing.
Bad:
# type: ignore
def parse_better_js_alternative(code: str) -> None:
regexes = [
# ...
]
statements = code.split('\n')
tokens = []
for regex in regexes:
for statement in statements:
pass
ast = []
for token in tokens:
pass
for node in ast:
passGood:
from typing import Tuple, List, Text, Dict
REGEXES: Tuple = (
# ...
)
def parse_better_js_alternative(code: Text) -> None:
tokens: List = tokenize(code)
syntax_tree: List = parse(tokens)
for node in syntax_tree:
pass
def tokenize(code: Text) -> List:
statements = code.split()
tokens: List[Dict] = []
for regex in REGEXES:
for statement in statements:
pass
return tokens
def parse(tokens: List) -> List:
syntax_tree: List[Dict] = []
for token in tokens:
pass
return syntax_treeFlags tell your user that this function does more than one thing. Functions should do one thing. Split your functions if they are following different code paths based on a boolean.
Bad:
from typing import Text
from tempfile import gettempdir
from pathlib import Path
def create_file(name: Text, temp: bool) -> None:
if temp:
(Path(gettempdir()) / name).touch()
else:
Path(name).touch()Good:
from typing import Text
from tempfile import gettempdir
from pathlib import Path
def create_file(name: Text) -> None:
Path(name).touch()
def create_temp_file(name: Text) -> None:
(Path(gettempdir()) / name).touch()A function produces a side effect if it does anything other than take a value in and return another value or values. For example, a side effect could be writing to a file, modifying some global variable, or accidentally wiring all your money to a stranger.
Now, you do need to have side effects in a program on occasion - for example, like in the previous example, you might need to write to a file. In these cases, you should centralize and indicate where you are incorporating side effects. Don"t have several functions and classes that write to a particular file - rather, have one (and only one) service that does it.
The main point is to avoid common pitfalls like sharing state between objects without any structure, using mutable data types that can be written to by anything, or using an instance of a class, and not centralizing where your side effects occur. If you can do this, you will be happier than the vast majority of other programmers.
Bad:
# type: ignore
# This is a module-level name.
# It"s good practice to define these as immutable values, such as a string.
# However...
fullname = "Ryan McDermott"
def split_into_first_and_last_name() -> None:
# The use of the global keyword here is changing the meaning of the
# the following line. This function is now mutating the module-level
# state and introducing a side-effect!
global fullname
fullname = fullname.split()
split_into_first_and_last_name()
# MyPy will spot the problem, complaining about 'Incompatible types in
# assignment: (expression has type "List[str]", variable has type "str")'
print(fullname) # ["Ryan", "McDermott"]
# OK. It worked the first time, but what will happen if we call the
# function again?Good:
from typing import List, AnyStr
def split_into_first_and_last_name(name: AnyStr) -> List[AnyStr]:
return name.split()
fullname = "Ryan McDermott"
name, surname = split_into_first_and_last_name(fullname)
print(name, surname) # => Ryan McDermottAlso good
from typing import Text
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Person:
name: Text
@property
def name_as_first_and_last(self) -> list:
return self.name.split()
# The reason why we create instances of classes is to manage state!
person = Person("Ryan McDermott")
print(person.name) # => "Ryan McDermott"
print(person.name_as_first_and_last) # => ["Ryan", "McDermott"]Coming soon
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