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‎databases.html‎

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</div>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-8">
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<div class="section" id="id1">
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<h2>Databases</h2>
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<p>A database is an abstraction on top of an operating system's file system to
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ease creating, reading, updating, and deleting persistent data. The
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<h1>Databases</h1>
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<p>A database is an abstraction on top of an operating system's file system to
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ease creating, reading, updating, and deleting persistent data. The
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database storage abstraction most commonly used in Python web development is
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sets of relational tables. Alternative storage abstractions are explained in
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the <a class="reference external" href="../no-sql-datastore.html">NoSQL</a> section of this guide.</p>
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the <a href="../no-sql-datastore.html">NoSQL</a> section of this guide.</p>
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<p>Relational databases store all data in a series of tables. Interconnections
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between the tables are specified as <em>foreign keys</em>.</p>
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<p>Databases storage implementations vary in complexity. SQLite, a database
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included with Python, creates a single file for all data per database.
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<p>Databases storage implementations vary in complexity. SQLite, a database
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included with Python, creates a single file for all data per database.
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Other databases such as Oracle, PostgreSQL, and MySQL have more complicated
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persistence schemes while offering additional advanced features that are
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persistence schemes while offering additional advanced features that are
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useful for web application data storage.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL</a> and
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<a class="reference external" href="http://www.mysql.com/">MySQL</a> are two of the most common open source
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<p><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL</a> and
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<a href="http://www.mysql.com/">MySQL</a> are two of the most common open source
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databases for storing Python web application data.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlite.org/">SQLite</a> is a database that is stored in a single
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<p><a href="http://www.sqlite.org/">SQLite</a> is a database that is stored in a single
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file on disk. SQLite is built into Python but is only built for access
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by a single connection at a time. Therefore is highly recommended to not
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<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/databases/#database-is-locked-errors">run a production web application with SQLite</a>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="id2">
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<a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/databases/#database-is-locked-errors">run a production web application with SQLite</a>.</p>
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<h2>PostgreSQL</h2>
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<p>PostgreSQL is the recommended relational database for working with Python
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web applications. PostgreSQL's feature set, active development and stability
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contribute to its usage as the backend for millions of applications live
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on the Web today.</p>
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<div class="section" id="postgresql-resources">
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<h3>PostgreSQL resources</h3>
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<p>This post on &quot;<a class="reference external" href="http://killtheyak.com/use-postgresql-with-django-flask/">Use PostgreSQL with Django or Flask</a>&quot;
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<p>This post on
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<a href="http://killtheyak.com/use-postgresql-with-django-flask/">using PostgreSQL with Django or Flask</a>
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is a great quickstart guide for either framework.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://postgresweekly.com/">PostgreSQL Weekly</a> is a weekly newsletter of
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<p><a href="http://postgresweekly.com/">PostgreSQL Weekly</a> is a weekly newsletter of
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PostgreSQL content from around the web.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.braintreepayments.com/braintrust/scaling-postgresql-at-braintree-four-years-of-evolution">Scaling PostgreSQL at Braintree</a>. Fascinating
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inside look at the evolution of the database's usage at Braintree.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-postgresecurity/">Total security in a PostgreSQL database</a>.
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<p>Braintree wrote about their experiences <a href="https://www.braintreepayments.com/braintrust/scaling-postgresql-at-braintree-four-years-of-evolution">scaling PostgreSQL</a>.
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The post is an inside look at the evolution of Braintree's usage of the database.</p>
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<p>There's no such thing as total security but this IBM article covers
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<a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-postgresecurity/">hardening a PostgreSQL database</a>.
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There is no such thing as total security but this is a good article anyway.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.craigkerstiens.com/2012/10/01/understanding-postgres-performance/">Understanding PostgreSQL performance</a></p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/40781627982/handling-growth-with-postgres-5-tips-from-instagram">Handling growth with Postgres</a>
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<p>Craig Kerstien's wrote a detailed post about <a href="http://www.craigkerstiens.com/2012/10/01/understanding-postgres-performance/">understanding PostgreSQL performance</a>.</p>
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<p><a href="http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/40781627982/handling-growth-with-postgres-5-tips-from-instagram">Handling growth with Postgres</a>
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provides 5 specific tips from Instagram's engineering team on how to scale
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the design of your PostgreSQL database.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="id3">
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<h2>MySQL</h2>
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<p>MySQL is another viable open source database backend option for Python web
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applications. MySQL has a slightly easier initial learning curve than
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PostgreSQL. The database is deployed in production at some of the highest
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trafficked sites such as
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<a class="reference external" href="https://blog.twitter.com/2012/mysql-twitter">Twitter</a>,
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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/mysql-and-database-engineering-mark-callaghan/10150599729938920">Facebook</a>
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and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.mysql.com/customers/">many others major organizations</a>.
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However, since the company focused on MySQL development,
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<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_AB">MySQL AB</a>, was
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<p>MySQL is another viable open source database backend option for Python web
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applications. MySQL has a slightly easier initial learning curve than
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PostgreSQL. The database is deployed in production at some of the highest
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trafficked sites such as
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<a href="https://blog.twitter.com/2012/mysql-twitter">Twitter</a>,
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/mysql-and-database-engineering-mark-callaghan/10150599729938920">Facebook</a>
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and <a href="http://www.mysql.com/customers/">many others major organizations</a>.
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However, since the company focused on MySQL development,
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_AB">MySQL AB</a>, was
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purchased by Sun Microsystems (which was in turn purchased by Oracle), there
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have been major defections away from the database by
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<a class="reference external" href="http://www.zdnet.com/wikipedia-moving-from-mysql-to-mariadb-7000008912/">Wikipedia</a>
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and <a class="reference external" href="http://readwrite.com/2013/09/14/google-waves-goodbye-to-mysql-in-favor-of-mariadb">Google</a>.
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MySQL remains a viable database option but I always recommend new Python
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<a href="http://www.zdnet.com/wikipedia-moving-from-mysql-to-mariadb-7000008912/">Wikipedia</a>
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and <a href="http://readwrite.com/2013/09/14/google-waves-goodbye-to-mysql-in-favor-of-mariadb">Google</a>.
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MySQL remains a viable database option but I always recommend new Python
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developers learn PostgreSQL if they do not already know MySQL.</p>
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<div class="section" id="mysql-resources">
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<h3>MySQL resources</h3>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://designm.ag/tutorials/28-beginners-tutorials-for-learning-about-mysql-databases/">28 Beginner's Tutorials for Learning about MySQL Databases</a>
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<p><a href="http://designm.ag/tutorials/28-beginners-tutorials-for-learning-about-mysql-databases/">28 Beginner's Tutorials for Learning about MySQL Databases</a>
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is a curated collection on various introductory MySQL topics.</p>
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<p>This tutorial shows how to install <a class="reference external" href="http://www.cs.wcupa.edu/rkline/index/mysql-lin.html">MySQL on Ubuntu</a>.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="connecting-to-a-database-with-python">
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<p>This tutorial shows how to install <a href="http://www.cs.wcupa.edu/rkline/index/mysql-lin.html">MySQL on Ubuntu</a>.</p>
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<h2>Connecting to a database with Python</h2>
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<p>To work with a relational database using Python, you need to use a code
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<p>To work with a relational database using Python, you need to use a code
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library. The most common libraries for relational databases are:</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://initd.org/psycopg/">psycopg2</a> for PostgreSQL</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/MySQL-python/1.2.4">MySQLdb</a> for MySQL</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://cx-oracle.sourceforge.net/">cx_Oracle</a> for Oracle</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><a href="http://initd.org/psycopg/">psycopg2</a> for PostgreSQL</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/MySQL-python/1.2.4">MySQLdb</a> for MySQL</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><a href="http://cx-oracle.sourceforge.net/">cx_Oracle</a> for Oracle</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>SQLite support is built into Python 2.7+ and therefore a separate library
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is not necessary. Simply &quot;import sqlite3&quot; to begin interfacing with the
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is not necessary. Simply "import sqlite3" to begin interfacing with the
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single file-based database.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="object-relational-mapping">
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<h2>Object-Relational Mapping</h2>
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<p>Object-relational mappers (ORMs) allow developers to access data from a
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backend by writing Python code instead of SQL queries. Each web
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application framework handles integrating ORMs differently.</p>
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<p>Django provides an ORM with its core functionality. Flask leaves using an
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ORM up to an extension, such as
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<a class="reference external" href="http://pythonhosted.org/Flask-SQLAlchemy/">Flask-SQLALchemy</a>.</p>
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<p>Object-relational mappers (ORMs) allow developers to access data from a
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backend by writing Python code instead of SQL queries. Each web
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application framework handles integrating ORMs differently. </p>
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<p>Django provides an ORM with its core functionality. Flask leaves using an
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ORM up to an extension, such as
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<a href="http://pythonhosted.org/Flask-SQLAlchemy/">Flask-SQLALchemy</a>. </p>
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<p>Developers can also use ORMs without a web framework, such as when
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creating a data analysis tool or a batch script without a user interface.
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creating a data analysis tool or a batch script without a user interface.
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Currently, the most widely used stand-alone ORM written for Python is
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<a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="database-third-party-services">
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<a href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>.</p>
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<h2>Database third-party services</h2>
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<p>Numerous companies run scalable database servers as a hosted service.
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Depending on the provider, there can be several advantages to using a
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<p>Numerous companies run scalable database servers as a hosted service.
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Depending on the provider, there can be several advantages to using a
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hosted database third-party service:</p>
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<ol class="arabic simple">
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<ol>
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<li>automated backups and recovery</li>
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<li>tightened security configurations</li>
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<li>easy vertical scaling</li>
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</ol>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://aws.amazon.com/rds/">Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)</a>
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<p><a href="http://aws.amazon.com/rds/">Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)</a>
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provides pre-configured MySQL and PostgreSQL instances. The instances can
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be scaled to larger or smaller configurations based on storage and performance
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needs.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://developers.google.com/cloud-sql/">Google Cloud SQL</a> is a service
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<p><a href="https://developers.google.com/cloud-sql/">Google Cloud SQL</a> is a service
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with managed, backed up, replicated, and auto-patched MySQL instances. Cloud
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SQL integrates with Google App Engine but can be used independently as well.</p>
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<div class="section" id="database-resources">
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<h3>Database resources</h3>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://db-engines.com/en/ranking">DB-Engines</a> ranks the most popular
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<h2>Database resources</h2>
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<p><a href="http://db-engines.com/en/ranking">DB-Engines</a> ranks the most popular
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database management systems.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="http://dbweekly.com/">DB Weekly</a> is a new (as of Feb 2014) weekly roundup
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of general database articles and resources.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><a href="http://dbweekly.com/">DB Weekly</a> is a weekly roundup of general database
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articles and resources.</p>
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<br/>
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Next read the
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<a href="/wsgi-servers.html">wsgi servers</a> section.

‎feeds/all.atom.xml‎

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<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><title>Matt Makai</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/" rel="alternate"></link><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/feeds/all.atom.xml" rel="self"></link><id>http://www.fullstackpython.com/</id><updated>2014-02-25T17:54:12Z</updated></feed>

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