# graphic base class
Graphic:
  def add_event_handler(func, "event-name")

    def _update_range(self, key: int | slice | np.ndarray[int | bool] | list[bool | int] | tuple[slice, ...]):
        """
        Uses key from slicing to determine the offset and
        size of the buffer to mark for upload to the GPU
        """
        # number of elements in the buffer
        upper_bound = self.value.shape[0]

        if isinstance(key, tuple):
            # if multiple dims are sliced, we only need the key for
            # the first dimension corresponding to n_datapoints
            key: int | np.ndarray[int | bool] | slice = key[0]

        if isinstance(key, int):
            # simplest case
            offset = key
            size = 1

        elif isinstance(key, slice):
            # parse slice
            start, stop, step = key.indices(upper_bound)

            # account for backwards indexing
            if (start > stop) and step < 0:
                offset = stop
            else:
                offset = start

            # slice.indices will give -1 if None is passed
            # which just means 0 here since buffers do not
            # use negative indexing
            offset = max(0, offset)

            # number of elements to upload
            # this is indexing so do not add 1
            size = abs(stop - start)

        elif isinstance(key, (np.ndarray, list)):
            if isinstance(key, list):
                # convert to array
                key = np.array(key)

            if not key.ndim == 1:
                raise TypeError(key)

            if key.dtype == bool:
                # convert bool mask to integer indices
                key = np.nonzero(key)[0]

            if not np.issubdtype(key.dtype, np.integer):
                # fancy indexing doesn't make sense with non-integer types
                raise TypeError(key)

            if key.size < 1:
                # nothing to update
                return

            # convert any negative integer indices to positive indices
            key %= upper_bound

            # index of first element to upload
            offset = key.min()

            # number of elements to upload
            # add 1 because this is direct
            # passing of indices, not a start:stop
            size = np.ptp(key) + 1

        else:
            raise TypeError(key)

        self.buffer.update_range(offset=offset, size=size)