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<h1>Internet Programming with Python</h1>
<h2><a class="reference external" href="http://github.com/cewing/training.python_web">View document source</a>.
<div class="presentation">
<div class="slide" id="slide0">
<h1 class="title">Internet Programming with Python</h1>
<img alt="img/protocol.png" class="align-left" src="img/protocol.png" style="width: 45%;" />
<p>Week 2: Web Protocols</p>
<p class="intro-blurb">Wherein we learn about the languages that the internet speaks and how to
choose the right one for our message</p>
<div class="slide" id="but-first">
<h1>But First</h1>
<p class="big-centered">Review from the Assignment</p>
<div class="slide" id="and-second">
<h1>And Second</h1>
<p class="big-centered">Questions from the Reading?</p>
<div class="slide" id="and-now">
<h1>And Now...</h1>
<img alt="img/protocol_sea.png" class="align-center" src="img/protocol_sea.png" style="width: 48%;" />
<p class="image-credit">image exerpted from: <a class="reference external" href="http://xkcd.com/802/">http://xkcd.com/802/</a></p>
<div class="slide" id="what-is-a-protocol">
<h1>What is a Protocol?</h1>
<p class="incremental big-centered">a set of rules or conventions</p>
<p class="incremental big-centered">governing communications</p>
<div class="slide" id="protocols-irl">
<h1>Protocols IRL</h1>
<p>Life has lots of sets of rules for how to do things.</p>
<ul class="incremental simple">
<li>What do you do on a first date?</li>
<li>What do you do in a job interview?</li>
<li>What do (and don't) you talk about at a dinner party?</li>
<li>...?</li>
<div class="slide" id="id1">
<h1>Protocols IRL</h1>
<img alt="img/icup.png" class="align-center" src="img/icup.png" style="width: 60%;" />
<p class="image-credit"><a class="reference external" href="http://blog.xkcd.com/2009/09/02/urinal-protocol-vulnerability/">http://blog.xkcd.com/2009/09/02/urinal-protocol-vulnerability/</a></p>
<div class="slide" id="protocols-in-computers">
<h1>Protocols In Computers</h1>
<p>Digital life has lots of rules too:</p>
<ul class="incremental simple">
<li>how to identify yourself</li>
<li>how to find a partner</li>
<li>how to ask for information</li>
<li>how to provide answers</li>
<li>how to say goodbye</li>
<div class="slide" id="real-protocol-examples">
<h1>Real Protocol Examples</h1>
<p class="big-centered">What does this look like in practice?</p>
<div class="slide" id="id2">
<h1>Real Protocol Examples</h1>
<ul class="incremental simple">
<li>SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol)
<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#appendix-D">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#appendix-D</a></li>
<li>POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html">http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html</a></li>
<li>IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html">http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch05s03.html</a></li>
<li>HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol)
<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol</a></li>
<div class="slide" id="what-does-smtp-look-like">
<h1>What does SMTP look like?</h1>
<p>SMTP (Identify yourself and find a partner):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
S: 220 foo.com Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
C: EHLO bar.com
S: 250-foo.com greets bar.com
S: 250-8BITMIME
S: 250-SIZE
S: 250 HELP
<div class="slide" id="id3">
<h1>What does SMTP look like?</h1>
<p>SMTP (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: MAIL FROM:&lt;Smith&#64;bar.com&gt;
C: RCPT TO:&lt;Jones&#64;foo.com&gt;
C: RCPT TO:&lt;Green&#64;foo.com&gt;
S: 550 No such user here
S: 354 Start mail input; end with &lt;CRLF&gt;.&lt;CRLF&gt;
C: Blah blah blah...
C: ...etc. etc. etc.
<div class="slide" id="id4">
<h1>What does SMTP look like?</h1>
<p>SMTP (Say goodbye):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
S: 221 foo.com Service closing transmission channel
<div class="slide" id="what-does-pop3-look-like">
<h1>What does POP3 look like?</h1>
<p>POP3 (Identify yourself and find a partner):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: &lt;client connects to service port 110&gt;
S: +OK POP3 server ready &lt;1896.6971&#64;mailgate.dobbs.org&gt;
C: USER bob
C: PASS redqueen
S: +OK bob's maildrop has 2 messages (320 octets)
<div class="slide" id="id5">
<h1>What does POP3 look like?</h1>
<p>POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
S: +OK 2 320
S: +OK 2 messages (320 octets)
<div class="slide" id="id6">
<h1>What does POP3 look like?</h1>
<p>POP3 (Ask for information, provide answers):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
S: +OK 120 octets
S: &lt;the POP3 server sends the text of message 1&gt;
S: +OK message 1 deleted
S: +OK 200 octets
S: &lt;the POP3 server sends the text of message 2&gt;
S: +OK message 2 deleted
<div class="slide" id="id7">
<h1>What does POP3 look like?</h1>
<p>POP3 (Say goodbye):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
S: +OK dewey POP3 server signing off (maildrop empty)
C: &lt;client hangs up&gt;
<div class="slide" id="what-does-imap-look-like">
<h1>What does IMAP look like?</h1>
<p>IMAP (Identify yourself and find a partner):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: &lt;client connects to service port 143&gt;
S: * OK example.com IMAP4rev1 v12.264 server ready
C: A0001 USER &quot;frobozz&quot; &quot;xyzzy&quot;
S: * OK User frobozz authenticated
<div class="slide" id="id8">
<h1>What does IMAP look like?</h1>
<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [connect to an inbox]):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: A0002 SELECT INBOX
S: * 1 EXISTS
S: * 1 RECENT
S: * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Draft \Seen)
S: * OK [UNSEEN 1] first unseen message in /var/spool/mail/esr
S: A0002 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed
<div class="slide" id="id9">
<h1>What does IMAP look like?</h1>
<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get message sizes]):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: A0003 FETCH 1 RFC822.SIZE
S: * 1 FETCH (RFC822.SIZE 2545)
S: A0003 OK FETCH completed
<div class="slide" id="id10">
<h1>What does IMAP look like?</h1>
<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message header]):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: A0004 FETCH 1 BODY[HEADER]
S: * 1 FETCH (RFC822.HEADER {1425}
&lt;server sends 1425 octets of message payload&gt;
S: A0004 OK FETCH completed
<div class="slide" id="id11">
<h1>What does IMAP look like?</h1>
<p>IMAP (Ask for information, provide answers [Get first message body]):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: A0005 FETCH 1 BODY[TEXT]
S: * 1 FETCH (BODY[TEXT] {1120}
&lt;server sends 1120 octets of message payload&gt;
S: * 1 FETCH (FLAGS (\Recent \Seen))
S: A0005 OK FETCH completed
<div class="slide" id="id12">
<h1>What does IMAP look like?</h1>
<p>IMAP (Say goodbye):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: A0006 LOGOUT
S: * BYE example.com IMAP4rev1 server terminating connection
S: A0006 OK LOGOUT completed
C: &lt;client hangs up&gt;
<div class="slide" id="notice-any-difference">
<h1>Notice Any Difference?</h1>
<p>POP3 Commands:</p>
<ul class="incremental simple">
<li>STAT</li>
<li>LIST</li>
<li>RETR 1</li>
<li>DELE 1</li>
<li>QUIT</li>
<div class="slide" id="id13">
<h1>Notice Any Difference?</h1>
<p>IMAP Commands:</p>
<ul class="incremental simple">
<li>A0001 USER &quot;frobozz&quot; &quot;xyzzy&quot;</li>
<li>A0002 SELECT INBOX</li>
<li>A0003 FETCH 1 RFC822.SIZE</li>
<li>A0004 FETCH 1 BODY[HEADER]</li>
<li>A0005 FETCH 1 BODY[TEXT]</li>
<li>A0006 LOGOUT</li>
<div class="slide" id="id14">
<h1>Notice Any Difference?</h1>
<p>Sequence Identifiers allow the client to send commands without waiting for
responses.</p>
<div class="slide" id="re-ordered-imap-interaction">
<h1>Re-ordered IMAP Interaction</h1>
<pre class="literal-block">
C: A0001 USER &quot;frobozz&quot; &quot;xyzzy&quot;
S: * OK User frobozz authenticated
C: A0002 SELECT INBOX
S: A0002 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed
C: A0003 FETCH 1 RFC822.SIZE
C: A0004 FETCH 1 BODY[HEADER]
C: A0005 FETCH 1 BODY[TEXT]
S: * 1 FETCH (RFC822.SIZE 2545)
S: A0003 OK FETCH completed
C: A0006 LOGOUT
<div class="slide" id="which-protocol-do-you-choose">
<h1>Which Protocol do you Choose?</h1>
<p>Stacking commands is more efficient, but would it work for POP3?</p>
<p class="incremental">Why not?</p>
<div class="slide" id="what-does-http-look-like">
<h1>What does HTTP look like?</h1>
<p>HTTP (Ask for information):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
<div class="slide" id="id15">
<h1>What does HTTP look like?</h1>
<p>HTTP (Provide answers):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT
Etag: &quot;3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b&quot;
Accept-Ranges:  none
Content-Length: 438
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
&lt;438 bytes of content&gt;
<div class="slide" id="protocols-in-python">
<h1>Protocols in Python</h1>
<p class="big-centered">Let's try this out for ourselves!</p>
<div class="slide" id="id16">
<h1>Protocols in Python</h1>
<p class="big-centered">Fire up a Python interpreter</p>
<div class="slide" id="smtp-in-python">
<h1>SMTP in Python</h1>
<p>Start by importing smtplib (part of the standard library):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; import smtplib
&gt;&gt;&gt; dir(smtplib)
['CRLF', 'LMTP', 'LMTP_PORT', 'OLDSTYLE_AUTH',
 'SMTP', 'SMTPAuthenticationError', 'SMTPConnectError',
 'SMTPDataError', 'SMTPException', 'SMTPHeloError',
 'SMTPRecipientsRefused', 'SMTPResponseException',
 'SMTPSenderRefused', 'SMTPServerDisconnected',
 'SMTP_PORT', 'SMTP_SSL', 'SMTP_SSL_PORT', 'SSLFakeFile',
 '__all__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__',
 '__name__', '__package__', '_have_ssl', 'base64', 'email',
 'encode_base64', 'hmac', 'quoteaddr', 'quotedata', 're',
 'socket', 'ssl', 'stderr']
<div class="slide" id="id17">
<h1>SMTP in Python</h1>
<p>Let's make a connection to a server. We'll use one I've set up in advance to
avoid needing to create one of our own:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.webfaction.com', 587)
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.set_debuglevel(True) # to see interaction
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.ehlo()
send: 'ehlo heffalump.local\r\n'
reply: '250-smtp.webfaction.com\r\n'
reply: '250-PIPELINING\r\n'
reply: '250-SIZE 20971520\r\n'
reply: '250-VRFY\r\n'
reply: '250-ETRN\r\n'
reply: '250-STARTTLS\r\n'
<div class="slide" id="id18">
<h1>SMTP in Python</h1>
<p>Does our server support TLS (secure transmissions?):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.has_extn('STARTTLS')
<p>What other extensions are available?:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.esmpt_features.keys()
['enhancedstatuscodes', 'etrn', 'starttls',
 'auth', 'dsn', '8bitmime', 'pipelining',
 'size', 'vrfy']
<div class="slide" id="id19">
<h1>SMTP in Python</h1>
<p>Some SMTP servers require authentication. This is one such server. Before
passing our username and password, though, we should turn on TLS for the sake
of security:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.starttls()
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.ehlo() # re-identify after TLS begins
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.login(username, password)
<div class="slide" id="id20">
<h1>SMTP in Python</h1>
<p>Let's prepare a message to be sent to our server:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; from_addr = &quot;YOUR NAME &lt;fill in this address&gt;&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; to_addrs = &quot;demo&#64;crisewing.com&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; subject = &quot;this is a test&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; message = &quot;a message from python smtplib&quot;
<div class="slide" id="id21">
<h1>SMTP in Python</h1>
<p>Email sent via SMTP requires certain formatting. It's part of the Protocol. In
particular, note that the headers are separated by CRLF sequences.  This is
very common across internet protocols:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; template = &quot;From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\nSubject: %s\r\n\r\n&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; headers = template % (from_addr, to_addrs, subject)
<div class="slide" id="id22">
<h1>SMTP in Python</h1>
<p>A message is the headers, plus the body of the message:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; email_body = headers + message
<p>Sending the email is accomplished by calling the <tt class="docutils literal">sendmail</tt> method on our
server object, after which we should close the connection:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.sendmail(from_addr, [to_addrs, ], email_body)
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.close()
<div class="slide" id="putting-it-all-together">
<h1>Putting it all Together</h1>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; from_addr = &quot;YOUR NAME &lt;fill in this address&gt;&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; to_addrs = &quot;demo&#64;crisewing.com&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; subject = &quot;this is a test&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; message = &quot;a message from python smtplib&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; template = &quot;From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\nSubject: %s\r\n\r\n&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; headers = template % (from_addr, to_addrs, subject)
<div class="slide" id="id23">
<h1>Putting it all Together</h1>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.webfaction.com', 587)
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.set_debuglevel(True)
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.ehlo()
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.starttls()
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.ehlo() # re-identify after TLS begins
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.login(username, password)
&gt;&gt;&gt; email_body = headers + message
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.sendmail(from_addr, [to_addrs, ], email_body)
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.close()
<div class="slide" id="python-means-batteries-included">
<h1>Python Means Batteries Included</h1>
<p>So in fact we have a module in the standard library for email support:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; import email.utils
&gt;&gt;&gt; from email.mime.text import MIMEText
&gt;&gt;&gt; from_addr = &quot;addr&#64;host.com&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; to_addrs = &quot;other&#64;another.com&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; msg = MIMEText(&quot;This is an email message&quot;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; msg['From'] = email.utils.formataddr((&quot;Name&quot;, from_addr))
&gt;&gt;&gt; msg['To'] = email.utils.formataddr((&quot;Name&quot;, to_addrs))
&gt;&gt;&gt; msg['Subject'] = &quot;Simple Test&quot;
&gt;&gt;&gt; server.sendmail(from_addr, [to_addrs, ], msg.as_string())
<div class="slide" id="imap-in-python">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p class="big-centered">Let's read that email we just sent</p>
<div class="slide" id="id24">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>Again, begin by importing the module from the Python Standard Library:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; import imaplib
&gt;&gt;&gt; dir(imaplib)
['AllowedVersions', 'CRLF', 'Commands',
 'Continuation', 'Debug', 'Flags', 'IMAP4',
 'IMAP4_PORT', 'IMAP4_SSL', 'IMAP4_SSL_PORT',
 'IMAP4_stream', 'Int2AP', 'InternalDate',
 'Internaldate2tuple', 'Literal', 'MapCRLF',
 'Mon2num', 'ParseFlags', 'Response_code',
 'Time2Internaldate', 'Untagged_response',
 'Untagged_status', '_Authenticator', ...]
<div class="slide" id="id25">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>We set up a client object.  WebFaction requires SSL for connecting to IMAP
servers, so let's initialize an IMAP4_SSL client and authenticate:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL('mail.webfaction.com')
  57:04.83 imaplib version 2.58
  57:04.83 new IMAP4 connection, tag=FNHG
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.login(username, password)
('OK', ['Logged in.'])
<div class="slide" id="id26">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>Let's set up debugging here too, so that we can see the communication back and
forth between client and server:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.debug = 4 # &gt;3 prints all messages
<p>We can start by listing the mailboxes we have on the server:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.list()
  00:41.91 &gt; FNHG3 LIST &quot;&quot; *
  00:41.99 &lt; * LIST (\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;INBOX&quot;
  00:41.99 &lt; FNHG3 OK List completed.
('OK', ['(\\HasNoChildren) &quot;.&quot; &quot;INBOX&quot;'])
<div class="slide" id="id27">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>We can find out about the mail on our server. We do this by querying for
<cite>status</cite>. IMAP provides a few different status values, let's ask for them
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; vals = '(MESSAGES RECENT UIDNEXT'
&gt;&gt;&gt; vals += ' UIDVALIDITY UNSEEN)'
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.status('INBOX', vals)
  12:03.91 &gt; FNHG4 STATUS INBOX (MESSAGES RECENT UIDNEXT UIDVALIDITY UNSEEN)
  12:04.01 &lt; * STATUS &quot;INBOX&quot; (MESSAGES 2 RECENT 0 UIDNEXT 3 UIDVALIDITY 1357449499 UNSEEN 1)
  12:04.01 &lt; FNHG4 OK Status completed.
('OK', ['&quot;INBOX&quot; (MESSAGES 2 RECENT 0
                  UIDNEXT 3 UIDVALIDITY 1357449499
                  UNSEEN 1)'])
<div class="slide" id="id28">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>To interact with our email, we must select a mailbox from the list we received
earlier:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.select('INBOX')
  00:00.47 &gt; FNHG2 SELECT INBOX
  00:00.56 &lt; * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Seen \Draft)
  00:00.56 &lt; * OK [PERMANENTFLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Seen \Draft \*)] Flags permitted.
  00:00.56 &lt; * 2 EXISTS
  00:00.57 &lt; * 0 RECENT
  00:00.57 &lt; * OK [UNSEEN 2] First unseen.
  00:00.57 &lt; * OK [UIDVALIDITY 1357449499] UIDs valid
  00:00.57 &lt; * OK [UIDNEXT 3] Predicted next UID
  00:00.57 &lt; FNHG2 OK [READ-WRITE] Select completed.
('OK', ['2'])
<div class="slide" id="id29">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>We can search our selected mailbox for messages matching one or more criteria.
The return value is a string list of the UIDs of messages that match our
search:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.search(None, '(FROM &quot;IPIP&quot;)')
  18:25.41 &gt; FNHG5 SEARCH (FROM &quot;IPIP&quot;)
  18:25.54 &lt; * SEARCH 1 2
  18:25.54 &lt; FNHG5 OK Search completed.
('OK', ['1 2'])
&gt;&gt;&gt;
<div class="slide" id="id30">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>Once we've found a message we want to look at, we can use the <tt class="docutils literal">fetch</tt>
command to read it from the server. IMAP allows fetching each part of
a message independently:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.fetch('2', '(BODY[HEADER])')
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.fetch('2', '(BODY[TEXT])')
&gt;&gt;&gt; conn.fetch('2', '(FLAGS)')
<div class="slide" id="id31">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>It is even possible to download an entire message in raw format, and load that
into a python email message object:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; import email
&gt;&gt;&gt; typ, data = conn.fetch('2', '(RFC822)')
  28:08.40 &gt; FNHG8 FETCH 2 (RFC822)
&gt;&gt;&gt; for part in data:
...   if isinstance(part, tuple):
...     msg = email.message_from_string(part[1])
&gt;&gt;&gt;
<div class="slide" id="id32">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p>Once we have that, we can play with the resulting email object:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
&gt;&gt;&gt; msg['to']
'demo&#64;crisewing.com'
&gt;&gt;&gt; print msg.get_payload()
This is an email message
<div class="slide" id="id33">
<h1>IMAP in Python</h1>
<p class="big-centered">Neat, huh?</p>
<div class="slide" id="what-have-we-learned">
<h1>What Have We Learned?</h1>
<ul class="incremental">
<li><p class="first">Protocols are just a set of rules for how to communicate</p>
<li><p class="first">A given protocol has a set of commands it knows</p>
<li><p class="first">If we properly format requests to a server, we can get answers</p>
<li><p class="first">Python supports a number of these protocols</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>So we don't have to remember how to format the commands ourselves</li>
<ul class="incremental simple">
<li>But in every case we've seen so far, we could do the same thing with a
socket and some strings</li>
</blockquote>
<div class="slide" id="http-in-python">
<h1>HTTP in Python</h1>
<p class="big-centered">HTTP is no different</p>
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