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<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Operating Systems - Full Stack Python</title>

<!--[if lt IE 9]>

<![endif]-->

</head>

<body>

</a>

<span class="logo-title"><a href="http://daigo3.github.io/fullstackpython.github.com/">Full Stack Python</a></span>

</div>

</div><div class="row">

<h1>オペレーティングシステム</h1>

<p><!-- An operating system runs on the server or virtual server and controls access

to computing resources. The operating system also includes a way to install

programs necessary for running your Python web application. -->

サーバや仮想サーバ上で動作するオペレーティングシステムは、コンピュータのリソースへのアクセスを管理しています。また、オペレーティングシステムはPythonのWebアプリケーションを動作させるために必要なプログラムをインストールする方法も提供します。</p>

<h2>なぜオペレーティングシステムが必要？</h2>

<p><!-- An operating system makes many of the computing tasks we take for granted easy.

For example, the operating system enables writing to files,

communicating over a network and running multiple programs at once.

Otherwise you'd need to control the CPU, memory, network, graphics card,

and many other components with your own low-level implementation. -->

オペレーティングシステムは様々な演算処理を簡単に行えるようにしてくれます。例えば、ファイルへの書き込みやネットワーク越しの通信、一度に複数のプログラムを実行といったことです。さもなければ、あなた自身がCPU、メモリ、ネットワーク、グラフィックカードなどの低レベルな実装を行わなければなりません。</p>

<!-- Without using an existing operating system like Linux, Mac OS X, or Windows,

you'd be forced to write a new operating system as part of your web

application. It would be impossible to write features for your Python

web application because you'd be too busy hunting down a memory leak in

your assembly code, if you even were able to get that far. -->

<p>LinuxやMac OS X、Windowsのような既存のオペレーティングシステムを使う場合を除けば、Webアプリケーションの一部として、新しいオペレーティングシステムを書かなくてはなりません。これではPythonのWebアプリケーションの処理を書くことは不可能です。アセンブラのコードのメモリリークを探すのに忙しくそんな暇はありません。</p>

<!-- Fortunately, the open source community provides Linux to the Python world

as a rock solid free operating system for running our applications. -->

<p>幸運にも、Pythonの世界にはオープンソースのコミュニティによって、Webアプリケーションを動かすために使用することができるLinuxが提供されています。</p>

<h2>お勧めのオペレーティングシステム</h2>

<p><!-- The only recommended operating system for production Python web stack

deployments is Linux. There are several Linux distributions commonly used

for running production servers. Ubuntu Long Term Support (LTS) releases,

Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and CentOS are all viable options. -->

本番環境でPythonのWebアプリケーションを動かすためのオペレーティングシステムとしておすすめするのはLinuxです。Linuxにはいくつかのディストリビューションがあり、本番サーバを稼働するのに一般的に使われています。Ubuntu Long Term Support(LTS)リリースや、Red Hat Enterprise Linux、CentOSが良い選択肢でしょう。</p>

<!-- Mac OS X is fine for development activities. Windows and Mac

OS X are not appropriate for production deployments unless there is a

major reason why you must use them in lieu of Linux. -->

<p>Mac OS Xは開発環境に向いています。Linuxではなく、WindowsやMac OS Xを使わなければならない明確な理由が無い限り、本番環境にはLinuxを利用すことをお勧めします。</p>

<h3>Ubuntu</h3>

<p><!-- Ubuntu is a Linux distribution packaged by the

<a href="http://www.canonical.com/">Canonical Ltd</a> company. Ubuntu uses the

Debian distribution as a base for packages, including the

<a href="http://wiki.debian.org/Apt">aptitude package manager</a>. For desktop versions

of Ubuntu, GNOME (until the 11.04 release) or Unity (11.10 through current)

is bundled with the distribution to provide a user interface. -->

Ubuntuは<a href="http://www.canonical.com/">Canonical Ltd</a>社によって開発されているLinuxディストリビューションです。Ubuntuは<a href="http://wiki.debian.org/Apt">aptitude package manager</a>を含むDebianディストリビューションのパッケージをベースに使用しています。</p>

<!-- Ubuntu [Long Term Support](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS) (LTS) releases

are the recommended versions to use for deployments. LTS versions receive

five years of post-release updates from Canonical. Every two years, Canonical

creates a new LTS release, which allows for an easy upgrade path as well

as flexibility in skipping every other LTS release if necessary. As of

November 2014, [14.04 Trusty Tahr](http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/)

is the latest Ubuntu LTS release. -->

<p>Ubuntu <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS">LTS</a>は開発向けにお勧めのバージョンです。LTS版はCanonicalによるポストリリース更新が5年間続きます。2年毎にCanonicalは新しいLTSをリリースし、簡単にアップグレードが行え、また必要であれば更新をスキップすることも柔軟にできます。2014年11月時点で<a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/">14.04 Trusty Tahr</a>が最新のUbuntu LTSです。</p>

<h4>Ubuntu Pythonパッケージ</h4>

<p><!-- There are several

<a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/aptitude.html">Aptitude</a>

packages found on Linux servers running a Python stack. These packages are: -->

LinuxsサーバでPythonアプリケーションを運用するには複数の<a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/12.04/serverguide/aptitude.html">Aptitude</a>パッケージがあります。</p>

<!-- * [python-dev](http://packages.ubuntu.com/precise/python-dev) for header

files and static library for Python -->

<ul>

<li><a href="http://packages.ubuntu.com/precise/python-dev">python-dev</a>はPythonのためのヘッダファイルとスタティックライブラリです。</li>

</ul>

<!-- * [python-virtualenv](http://packages.ubuntu.com/precise/python-virtualenv)

for creating and managing Python

[virtualenvs](http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/) to isolate library

dependencies -->

<ul>

<li><a href="http://packages.ubuntu.com/precise/python-virtualenv">python-virtualenv</a>は、ライブラリの依存関係を独立して管理するためのPythonの<a href="http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/">virtualenvs</a>を作ったり管理するためのパッケージです。</li>

</ul>

<h3>Red HatとCentOS</h3>

<p><!-- <a href="http://www.redhat.com/products/enterprise-linux/">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>

(RHEL) and <a href="http://www.centos.org/">Community ENTerprise Operating System</a>

(CentOS) are the same distribution. The primary difference between the two

is that CentOS is an open source, liberally licensed free derivative of RHEL. -->

<a href="http://www.redhat.com/products/enterprise-linux/">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>

(RHEL)と<a href="http://www.centos.org/">Community ENTerprise Operating System</a>

(CentOS)は同じディストリビューションです。大きな違いはCentOSはオープンソースでRed Hatの派生物を無償で利用します。</p>

<!-- RHEL and CentOS use a different package manager and command-line interface

from Debian-based Linux distributions: RPM Package Manager (RPM) and the

Yellowdog Updater, Modified (YUM). RPM has a specific .rpm file format

to handle the packaging and installation of libraries and applications. YUM

provides a command-line interface for interacting with the RPM system. -->

<p>Red HatとCentOSはDebianベースのLinuxディストリビューションとは異なるパッケージマネージャとコマンドラインインタフェースを利用します。RPMパッケージマネージャとYellowdog Updater, Modified(YUM)です。RPMは<code>.rpm</code>ファイルを使ってパッケージングの管理とライブラリやアプリケーションのインストールを行います。YUMはRPMシステムをコマンドラインで利用するためのツールです。</p>

<h2>オペレーティングシステムのリソース</h2>

<p>

* <a href="http://www.linux.org/threads/selecting-a-linux-distribution.4087/">What is a Linux distribution and how do I choose the right one?</a></p>

<ul>

<li>

<p>Lifehackerの<a href="http://lifehacker.com/5889950/how-to-find-the-perfect-linux-distribution-for-you">guide to choosing a Linux distro</a>.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="http://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/article/choosing-a-linux-distribution">Choosing a Linux Distribution</a></p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="http://plusbryan.com/my-first-5-minutes-on-a-server-or-essential-security-for-linux-servers">First 5 Minutes on a Server</a></p>

</li>

</ul>

<!-- * Digital Ocean has a detailed

[walkthrough for setting up Python web applications on Ubuntu](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-set-up-ubuntu-cloud-servers-for-python-web-applications). -->

<ul>

<li>Digital Oceanの<a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-set-up-ubuntu-cloud-servers-for-python-web-applications">walkthrough for setting up Python web applications on Ubuntu</a>.</li>

</ul>

<h2>オペレーティングシステムを学ぶためのチェックリスト</h2>

<!-- Choose either a Debian-based Linux distribution such as Ubuntu or a

Fedora-based distribution like CentOS. -->

UbuntuのようなDebianベースか、CentOSのようなFedoraベースのLinuxディストリビューションのいずれかを選択します。</p>

<!-- Harden the security through a few basic steps. Install basic security

packages such as <a href="http://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">fail2ban</a>

or its equivalent. Create a new user account with sudo privileges and disable

root logins. Disable password-only logins and use a public-private keypair

instead. Read more about hardening systems in the resources listed below. -->

基本的なセキュリティを固めましょう。<a href="http://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">fail2ban</a>や、それに類似する基本セキュリティパッケージをインストールします。sudo権限を持つ新しいユーザを作成し、ルートでのログインは禁止します。パスワードでのログインを禁止し、公開鍵・非公開鍵の鍵交換方式によるログインを設定します。システムのセキュリティに関しての詳細は以下も読んでください。</p>

<!-- Install Python-specific packages to prepare the environment for running a

Python application. Which packages you'll need to install depends on the

distribution you've selected. -->

Pythonアプリケーションを動作させるために必要な環境を用意します。これは選択したディストリビューションによって必要なパッケージは異なります。</p>

<!-- Read up on <a href="/web-servers.html">web servers</a> as installing one will be the

next step in the deployment process. -->

<a href="./web-servers.html">Webサーバ</a>の章を読み、インストールを行ったら開発プロセスの次のステップに進みます。</p>

<h3>続いて何を学びますか？</h3>

LinuxをOSとして採用したら、どのWebサーバを使えば良いですか？

</p>

</div>

</a>

新しいOSにPythonのライブラリをインストールする方法は？

</p>

</div>

サーバはやめて、PaaSについて知りたい。

</p>

</div>

</div><style type="text/css">

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<hr/>

<h4>Interested in a complete Full Stack Python book with detailed tutorials and example code? Sign up here and you'll get an alert email if a book is created. No other emails will be sent other than sign up confirmation.</h4>

<label for="mce-EMAIL">Email Address</label>

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</div>

</div>

</div>

</form>

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</div>

<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Operating Systems</h3></div>

<a href="http://daigo3.github.io/fullstackpython.github.com/">Full Stack Python</a>はPythonでWebアプリケーションを開発するための情報を提供するオープンなガイドです。

<hr/>

There's a work-in-progress

現在、作成中の<a href="./full-stack-python-map.pdf">subjects map (.pdf)</a>は、目次に加え各章を視覚化したものです。

<hr/>

より詳細なチュートリアルが必要ですか?

<a href="./email.html">サインアップしてアップデートをメールで受け取ることができます。</a>

<hr/>

このサイトは<a href="http://twitter.com/mattmakai">Matt Makai</a>により、

コミュニティからプルリクエストによる協力を得て作成されています。GitHubで

<a href="https://github.com/makaimc">Mattをフォロー</a>すれば、日々の更新を見ることができます。

</div>

<h3 class="panel-head">Table of Contents</h3>

</div>

<a href="./introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Introduction</a>

<a href="./web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Frameworks</a>

<a href="./django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Django</a>

<a href="./flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Flask</a>

<a href="./bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Bottle</a>

<a href="./other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Other Web Frameworks</a>

<a href="./deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Deployment</a>

<a href="./servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Servers</a>

<a href="./platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Platform-as-a-service</a>

<a href="./operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active">Operating Systems</a>

<a href="./web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Servers</a>

<a href="./wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">WSGI Servers</a>

<a href="./source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Source Control</a>

<a href="./application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Application Dependencies</a>

<a href="./databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Databases</a>

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<a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a>

2014

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