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item_011.py
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#!/usr/bin/env PYTHONHASHSEED=1234 python3
# Copyright 2014-2024 Brett Slatkin, Pearson Education Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
### 책 예제에 맞는 환경 설정을 시작함
import random
random.seed(1234)
import logging
from pprint import pprint
from sys import stdout as STDOUT
# 모든 출력을 임시 디렉터리로 보냄
import atexit
import gc
import io
import os
import tempfile
TEST_DIR = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
atexit.register(TEST_DIR.cleanup)
# 윈도우에서 프로세스가 제대로 종료되도록 함
OLD_CWD = os.getcwd()
atexit.register(lambda: os.chdir(OLD_CWD))
os.chdir(TEST_DIR.name)
def close_open_files():
everything = gc.get_objects()
for obj in everything:
if isinstance(obj, io.IOBase):
obj.close()
atexit.register(close_open_files)
### 책 예제에 맞는 환경설정 끝
print("아이템 11")
print("Example 1")
a = 0b10111011
b = 0xC5F
print("이진수: %d, 십육진수: %d" % (a, b))
print("Example 2")
key = "my_var"
value = 1.234
formatted = "%-10s = %.2f" % (key, value)
print(formatted)
print("Example 3")
try:
reordered_tuple = "%-10s = %.2f" % (value, key)
except:
logging.exception('이 예외가 발생해야 함')
else:
assert False
print("Example 4")
try:
reordered_string = "%.2f = %-10s" % (key, value)
except:
logging.exception('이 예외가 발생해야 함')
else:
assert False
print("Example 5")
pantry = [
("아보카도", 1.25),
("바나나", 2.5),
("체리", 15),
]
for i, (item, count) in enumerate(pantry):
print("#%d: %-10s = %.2f" % (i, item, count))
print("Example 6")
for i, (item, count) in enumerate(pantry):
print(
"#%d: %-10s = %d"
% (
i + 1,
item.title(),
round(count),
)
)
print("Example 7")
template = "%s는 음식을 좋아해. %s가 요리하는 모습을 봐요."
name = "철수"
formatted = template % (name, name)
print(formatted)
print("Example 8")
name = "brad"
formatted = template % (name.title(), name)
print(formatted)
print("Example 9")
key = "my_var"
value = 1.234
old_way = "%-10s = %.2f" % (key, value)
new_way = "%(key)-10s = %(value).2f" % {
"key": key, # 키를 처음에 넣음
"value": value,
}
reordered = "%(key)-10s = %(value).2f" % {
"value": value,
"key": key, # 키를 두번째에 넣음
}
assert old_way == new_way == reordered
print("Example 10")
name = "철수"
template = "%s는 음식을 좋아해. %s가 요리하는 모습을 봐요."
before = template % (name, name) # 튜플
template = "%(name)s는 음식을 좋아해. %(name)s가 요리하는 모습을 봐요."
after = template % {"name": name} # 딕셔너리
assert before == after
print("Example 11")
for i, (item, count) in enumerate(pantry):
before = "#%d: %-10s = %d" % (
i + 1,
item.title(),
round(count),
)
after = "#%(loop)d: %(item)-10s = %(count)d" % {
"loop": i + 1,
"item": item.title(),
"count": round(count),
}
assert before == after
print("Example 12")
soup = "lentil"
formatted = "Today's soup is %(soup)s." % {"soup": soup}
print(formatted)
print("Example 13")
menu = {
"soup": "lentil",
"oyster": "tongyoung",
"special": "schnitzel",
}
template = (
"Today's soup is %(soup)s, "
"buy one get two %(oyster)s oysters, "
"and our special entrée is %(special)s."
)
formatted = template % menu
print(formatted)
print("Example 14")
a = 1234.5678
formatted = format(a, ",.2f")
print(formatted)
b = "my 문자열"
formatted = format(b, "^20s")
print("*", formatted, "*")
print("Example 15")
key = "my_var"
value = 1.234
formatted = "{} = {}".format(key, value)
print(formatted)
print("Example 16")
formatted = "{:<10} = {:.2f}".format(key, value)
print(formatted)
print("Example 17")
print("%.2f%%" % 12.5)
print("{} replaces {{}}".format(1.23))
print("Example 18")
formatted = "{1} = {0}".format(key, value)
print(formatted)
print("Example 19")
name = "돌쇠"
formatted = "{0}는 음식을 좋아해. {0}가 요리하는 모습을 봐요.".format(name)
print(formatted)
print("Example 20")
for i, (item, count) in enumerate(pantry):
old_style = "#%d: %-10s = %d" % (
i + 1,
item.title(),
round(count),
)
new_style = "#{}: {:<10s} = {}".format(
i + 1,
item.title(),
round(count),
)
assert old_style == new_style
print("Example 21")
formatted = "첫번째 글자는 {menu[oyster][0]!r}".format(menu=menu)
print(formatted)
print("Example 22")
old_template = (
"Today's soup is %(soup)s, "
"buy one get two %(oyster)s oysters, "
"and our special entrée is %(special)s."
)
old_formatted = old_template % {
"soup": "lentil",
"oyster": "tongyoung",
"special": "schnitzel",
}
new_template = (
"Today's soup is {soup}, "
"buy one get two {oyster} oysters, "
"and our special entrée is {special}."
)
new_formatted = new_template.format(
soup="lentil",
oyster="tongyoung",
special="schnitzel",
)
assert old_formatted == new_formatted
print("Example 23")
key = "my_var"
value = 1.234
formatted = f"{key} = {value}"
print(formatted)
print("Example 24")
formatted = f"{key!r:<10} = {value:.2f}"
print(formatted)
print("Example 25")
f_string = f"{key:<10} = {value:.2f}"
c_tuple = "%-10s = %.2f" % (key, value)
str_args = "{:<10} = {:.2f}".format(key, value)
str_kw = "{key:<10} = {value:.2f}".format(key=key, value=value)
c_dict = "%(key)-10s = %(value).2f" % {"key": key, "value": value}
assert c_tuple == c_dict == f_string
assert str_args == str_kw == f_string
print("Example 26")
for i, (item, count) in enumerate(pantry):
old_style = "#%d: %-10s = %d" % (
i + 1,
item.title(),
round(count),
)
new_style = "#{}: {:<10s} = {}".format(
i + 1,
item.title(),
round(count),
)
f_string = f"#{i+1}: {item.title():<10s} = {round(count)}"
assert old_style == new_style == f_string
print("Example 27")
for i, (item, count) in enumerate(pantry):
print(f"#{i+1}: "
f"{item.title():<10s} = "
f"{round(count)}")
print("Example 28")
places = 3
number = 1.23456
print(f"내가 고른 숫자는 {number:.{places}f}")