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<h3 class="pb-3 pt-3">C++ if, if-else and nested if-else</h3>
<p>In this tutorial, we are going to learn about decision making statement in C++ program using different
forms of if...else.</p>
<p>In programming, the use of <code>if</code> statement is to run a particular block of code only when
certain condition is met.</p>
<p>For example, eligibility for a driving license based on age :</p>
<ul>
<li>If age is <strong>above or equal to 18</strong>, assign <strong>eligible</strong>.</li>
<li>If age is <strong>below 18</strong>, assign <strong>ineligible</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here <strong>above or equal to 18</strong> and <strong>below 18</strong> are conditions and based on
these condition <strong>eligible</strong> or <strong>ineligible</strong> is assigned.</p>
<p>Basically, there are three forms of <strong>if-else</strong></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>only <strong>if</strong> statement</li>
<li><strong>if...else</strong> statement</li>
<li><strong>Nested if..else</strong> statement</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h4 class="pb-3 pt-3">C++ if statement</h4>
<p>Syntax of the <strong>if</strong> statement is given following.</p>
<pre>if (condition) {
// body of if statement
}</pre>
<p>The <strong>if</strong> statement evaluates the condition given inside parentheses <strong>()</strong>.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
if <strong>condition</strong> evaluates true, the code inside the body of <strong>if</strong> is
executed.
</li>
<li>
If <strong>condition</strong> evaluated false, the code inside the code inside the body of
<strong>if</strong> is skipped.
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note : </strong>we write code inside body of <strong>if</strong> statement.</p>
<div class="if-content-img d-flex flex-column m-5">
<img class="if-content m-auto" src="images/1.png" alt="">
<p class="d-flex m-auto pt-2"><em>working of <strong>if</strong> statement in both conditions</em></p>
</div>
<p>Now let’s look at some examples.</p>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<p>Following program checks a number, whether it is positive.</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num;
if (num >= 0) {
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << num << endl;
} return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output 1:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>2</strong>, i.e. <code>num = 2</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: 2
You entered a positive integer: 2</pre>
<p>In the above program, we have the condition <code>num >= 0</code> If we enter the number greater or equal
to <strong>0</strong>, then the condition evaluates <code>true</code>. Here, we enter
<strong>2</strong>. So, the condition is <code>true</code>. Hence, the statement inside the body of
<strong>if</strong> is executed.</p>
<p><strong>Output 2:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>-2</strong>, i.e. <code>num = -2</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: -2</pre>
<p>In the above program, condition of <strong>if</strong> statement evaluated to <code>false</code>. Hence,
body of <strong>if</strong> skipped.</p>
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ if...else</h4>
<p>The <code>if</code> can have optional keyword <code>else</code>. Its syntax is given following,</p>
<pre>if (condition) {
// block of code if condition is true
}
else {
// block of code if condition is false
}</pre>
<div class="if-content-img d-flex flex-column m-5">
<img class="if-content m-auto" src="images/2.png" alt="">
<p class="d-flex m-auto pt-2"><em>working of <strong>if...else</strong> statement in both
conditions</em></p>
</div>
<p>If the <strong>condition</strong> evaluates <strong>true</strong>,</p>
<ul>
<li>the code inside the body of <strong>if</strong> is executed</li>
<li>the code inside the body of <strong>else</strong> is skipped from execution</li>
</ul>
<p>If the <strong>condition</strong> evaluates <strong>false</strong>,</p>
<ul>
<li>the code inside the body of <strong>else</strong> is executed</li>
<li>the code inside the body of <strong>if</strong> is skipped from execution</li>
</ul>
<p>Let’s take some examples of <strong>if...else.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Example: </strong></p>
<p>The following program checks whether a number is positive or negative, taking 0 (zero) as positive
number.</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num;
if (num >= 0) {
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << num << endl;
}
else {
cout << "You entered a negative integer: " << num << endl;
}
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output 1:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>3</strong>, i.e. <code>num = 3</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: 3
You entered a positive integer: 3</pre>
<p>In the above program, we have the condition <code>num >= 0</code> If we enter the number greater or equal to <strong>0</strong>, then the condition evaluates <code>true</code>. Here, we enter <strong>3</strong>. So, the condition is <code>true</code>. Hence, the statement inside the body of <strong>if</strong> is executed.</p>
<p><strong>Output 2:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>-3</strong>, i.e. <code>num = -3</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: -3
You entered a negative integer: -3.</pre>
<p>Now in this case condition of <strong>if</strong> becomes <code>false</code>, hence is it body has been skipped, and body of <strong>else</strong> is executed.</p>
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ if...else if...else statement</h4>
<p>The <strong>if...else</strong> statement is used to execute a block of code among two alternatives. However, if we need to make a choice between more than two alternatives, we use the <strong>if...else if...else</strong> statement.</p>
<p>Following is the syntax of <strong>if...else if...else</strong> statement.</p>
<pre>if (condition1) {
// code 1
}
else if (condition2){
// code 2
}
else {
// code 3
}</pre>
<p>Here in this example:</p>
<ul>
<li>if <strong>condition 1</strong> is true, <strong>code 1</strong> will be executed.</li>
<li>If <strong>condition 2</strong> is true, <strong>code 2</strong> will be executed</li>
<li>If both conditions becomes false, <strong>code 3</strong> will be executed</li>
</ul>
<div class="if-content-img d-flex flex-column m-5">
<img class="if-content m-auto" src="images/3.png" alt="">
<p class="d-flex m-auto pt-2"><em>working of <strong>if...else if...else</strong> statement in both
conditions</em></p>
</div>
<p><strong>Note : </strong>There can be more than one <strong>else if</strong> statements, but there must be only one <strong>if</strong> and <strong>else</strong> statement.</p>
<p>Now, let’s take an example.</p>
<p><strong>Examole: </strong></p>
<p>The following program checks whether a number is positive, negative or zero.</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> num;
if (num > 0) {
cout << "You entered a positive number: " << num<< endl;
}
else if (num < 0) {
cout << "You entered a negative number: " << num << endl;
}
else {
cout << "You entered 0." << endl;
}
return 0;
}</pre>
<p>Suppose that we enter 3, -5 and 0 one by one respectively.</p>
<p><strong>Output 1:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>3</strong>, i.e. <code>num = 3</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: 3
You entered a positive integer: 3</pre>
<p><strong>Output 2:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>-5</strong>, i.e. <code>num = -5</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: -5
You entered a positive integer: -5</pre>
<p><strong>Output 3:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>0</strong>, i.e. <code>num = 0</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: 0
You entered 0</pre>
<p>In the above program if number is greater than <strong>0</strong>, code inside body of <strong>if</strong> is executed. If number is smaller than <strong>0</strong> , code inside body of <strong>else if</strong> is executed. Otherwise, the code inside body of <strong>else</strong> is executed.</p>
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ Nested if...else</h4>
<p>In some cases, we need <strong>if</strong> statement inside another <strong>if</strong>. This is known as <strong>nested if</strong>.</p>
<p>The syntax is given below.</p>
<pre>// outer if statement
if (condition1) {
// statements
// inner if statement
if (condition2) {
// statements
}
}</pre>
<p>Nested <strong>if</strong> acts as multiple layered if statement, consisting of upper layer and inner layer like in above syntax.</p>
<p><strong>Note : </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>We can also add <strong>else</strong> and <strong>else if</strong> statements to the inner <strong>if</strong> statement if required.</li>
<li>The inner <strong>if</strong> statement can also be inserted inside the outer <strong>else</strong> or <strong>else if</strong> statements (if they exists).</li>
We can also nest multiple layers of <strong>if</strong> statements.
</ul>
<p>Let’s understand it with an example.</p>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<p>The below program finds if an integer is odd or even or nothing.</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num;
// outer if condition
if (num != 0) {
// inner if condition
if ((num % 2) == 0) {
cout << "The number is even." << endl;
}
// inner else condition
else {
cout << "The number is odd." << endl;
}
}
// outer else condition
else {
cout << "The number is 0 and it is neither even nor odd." << endl;
}
return 0;
}</pre>
<p>Let’s suppose that we have entered integer as <strong>16</strong>, <strong>17</strong> and <strong>0</strong> one by one respectively.</p>
<p><strong>Output 1:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>16</strong>, i.e. <code>num = 16</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: 16
The number is even.</pre>
<p><strong>Output 2:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>17</strong>, i.e. <code>num = 17</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: 17
The number is odd.</pre>
<p><strong>Output 3:</strong></p>
<p>Suppose we have entered integer as <strong>0</strong>, i.e. <code>num = 0</code>.</p>
<pre>Enter an integer: 0
The number is 0 and it is neither even nor odd.</pre>
<ul>
<li>We take an integer as an input from the user and store it in the variable <code>num</code>.</li>
<li>We then use an <strong>if...else</strong> statement to check whether num is not equal to <strong>0</strong>.</li>
<li>If <code>true</code>, then the inner <strong>if...else</strong> statement is executed.</li>
<li>If <code>false</code>, the code inside the outer <strong>else</strong> condition is executed, which prints <code>"The number is 0 and neither even nor odd."</code></li>
<li>The inner <strong>if...else</strong> statement checks whether the input number is divisible by 2.</li>
<li>If <code>true</code>, then we print a statement saying that the number is even.</li>
<li>If <code>false</code>, we print that the number is odd.</li>
</ul>
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