arrayfire · melonakos · Sep 10, 2026
diff --git a/.github/workflows/unix_cpu_build.yml b/.github/workflows/unix_cpu_build.yml
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ jobs:
                 blas_backend: [Atlas, MKL, OpenBLAS]
                 os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-latest]
                 compiler: [gcc, clang, icx]
+                graphics: [ON]
+                include:
+                    - os: ubuntu-20.04
+                      blas_backend: OpenBLAS
+                      compiler: gcc
+                      graphics: OFF
                 exclude:
                     - os: macos-latest
                       blas_backend: Atlas
@@ -163,6 +169,7 @@ jobs:
               env:
                   USE_MKL: ${{ matrix.blas_backend == 'MKL' }}
                   BLAS_BACKEND: ${{ matrix.blas_backend }}
+                  GRAPHICS: ${{ matrix.graphics }}
                   CC: ${{ matrix.compiler }}
                   OS_NAME: ${{ matrix.os }}
               run: |
@@ -172,7 +179,7 @@ jobs:
                   buildname=$(if [ -z "$prnum" ]; then echo "$branch"; else echo "PR-$prnum"; fi)
                   dashboard=$(if [ -z "$prnum" ]; then echo "Continuous"; else echo "Experimental"; fi)
                   backend=$(if [ "$USE_MKL" == true ]; then echo "Intel-MKL"; else echo "FFTW/LAPACK/BLAS"; fi)
-                  buildname="$buildname-cpu-$BLAS_BACKEND"
+                  buildname="$buildname-cpu-$BLAS_BACKEND$(if [ "$GRAPHICS" == OFF ]; then echo "-nogfx"; fi)"
                   cmake_rpath=$(if [ $OS_NAME == 'macos-latest' ]; then echo "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_RPATH=/opt/arrayfire/lib"; fi)
                   if [ "$CC" == 'icx' ] || [ "$USE_MKL" == true ]; then source /opt/intel/oneapi/setvars.sh; fi
                   mkdir build && cd build && unset VCPKG_ROOT
@@ -181,6 +188,7 @@ jobs:
                       -DAF_BUILD_CUDA:BOOL=OFF -DAF_BUILD_OPENCL:BOOL=OFF \
                       -DAF_BUILD_UNIFIED:BOOL=OFF -DAF_BUILD_EXAMPLES:BOOL=ON \
                       -DAF_BUILD_FORGE:BOOL=ON \
+                      -DAF_WITH_GRAPHICS:BOOL=${GRAPHICS} \
                       -DAF_COMPUTE_LIBRARY:STRING=${backend} \
                       "$cmake_rpath" \
                       -DBUILDNAME:STRING=${buildname} ..

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -68,8 +68,12 @@ endif()
 find_package(CUDA 10.2)
 find_package(cuDNN 4.0)
 find_package(OpenCL 1.2)
-find_package(OpenGL)
-find_package(glad CONFIG QUIET)
+option(AF_WITH_GRAPHICS
+    "Build the graphics API (Forge, OpenGL, glad). When OFF the graphics functions return AF_ERR_NOT_CONFIGURED" ON)
+if(AF_WITH_GRAPHICS)
+  find_package(OpenGL)
+  find_package(glad CONFIG QUIET)
+endif()
 find_package(FreeImage)
 find_package(Threads)
 find_package(FFTW)
@@ -98,8 +102,9 @@ option(AF_BUILD_UNIFIED  "Build Backend-Independent ArrayFire API"   ON)
 option(AF_BUILD_DOCS     "Create ArrayFire Documentation"            ${DOXYGEN_FOUND})
 option(AF_BUILD_EXAMPLES "Build Examples"                            ON)
 option(AF_WITH_CUDNN     "Use cuDNN for convolveNN functions"        ${cuDNN_FOUND})
-option(AF_BUILD_FORGE
-    "Forge libs are not built by default as it is not link time dependency" OFF)
+cmake_dependent_option(AF_BUILD_FORGE
+    "Forge libs are not built by default as it is not link time dependency" OFF
+    "AF_WITH_GRAPHICS" OFF)
 
 option(AF_WITH_NONFREE  "Build ArrayFire nonfree algorithms"   OFF)
 option(AF_WITH_LOGGING  "Build ArrayFire with logging support" ON)
@@ -252,7 +257,9 @@ endif()
 #Configure forge submodule
 #forge is included in ALL target if AF_BUILD_FORGE is ON
 #otherwise, forge is not built at all
-include(AFconfigure_forge_dep)
+if(AF_WITH_GRAPHICS)
+  include(AFconfigure_forge_dep)
+endif()
 
 if(TARGET fmt::fmt AND AF_WITH_FMT_HEADER_ONLY)
   set_target_properties(fmt::fmt
@@ -297,7 +304,7 @@ else()
   endif()
 endif()
 
-if(NOT TARGET glad::glad)
+if(AF_WITH_GRAPHICS AND NOT TARGET glad::glad)
   af_dep_check_and_populate(${glad_prefix}
     URI https://github.com/arrayfire/glad.git
     REF main

diff --git a/examples/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ add_subdirectory(benchmarks)
 add_subdirectory(computer_vision)
 add_subdirectory(financial)
 add_subdirectory(getting_started)
-add_subdirectory(graphics)
+if(AF_WITH_GRAPHICS)
+  add_subdirectory(graphics)
+endif()
 add_subdirectory(helloworld)
 add_subdirectory(image_processing)
 add_subdirectory(lin_algebra)

diff --git a/src/api/c/CMakeLists.txt b/src/api/c/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -91,13 +91,11 @@ target_sources(c_api_interface
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/handle.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/handle.hpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/harris.cpp
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hist.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/histeq.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/histogram.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/homography.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hsv_rgb.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/iir.cpp
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/image.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/imageio.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/imageio2.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/implicit.cpp
@@ -124,7 +122,6 @@ target_sources(c_api_interface
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/optypes.hpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/orb.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/pinverse.cpp
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/plot.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/print.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/qr.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/random.cpp
@@ -149,7 +146,6 @@ target_sources(c_api_interface
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/sparse_handle.hpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/stdev.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/stream.cpp
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/surface.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/susan.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/svd.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/tile.cpp
@@ -162,10 +158,8 @@ target_sources(c_api_interface
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unary.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/unwrap.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/var.cpp
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/vector_field.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/version.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/where.cpp
-    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/window.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/wrap.cpp
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ycbcr_rgb.cpp
     )
@@ -205,3 +199,20 @@ target_include_directories(c_api_interface
     ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include
     $<TARGET_PROPERTY:afcommon_interface,INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES>
     )
+
+if(AF_WITH_GRAPHICS)
+  target_sources(c_api_interface
+    INTERFACE
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hist.cpp
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/image.cpp
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/plot.cpp
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/surface.cpp
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/vector_field.cpp
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/window.cpp
+  )
+else()
+  target_sources(c_api_interface
+    INTERFACE
+      ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/graphics_stubs.cpp
+  )
+endif()
diff --git a/src/api/c/graphics_stubs.cpp b/src/api/c/graphics_stubs.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/*******************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2026, ArrayFire
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This file is distributed under 3-clause BSD license.
+ * The complete license agreement can be obtained at:
+ * http://arrayfire.com/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+ ********************************************************/
+
+// Compiled instead of the graphics sources when AF_WITH_GRAPHICS is OFF.
+// Every graphics entry point reports AF_ERR_NOT_CONFIGURED, the same way
+// the image IO functions do when FreeImage is not built in.
+
+#include <common/err_common.hpp>
+#include <af/graphics.h>
+
+#define AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED()                                        \
+    AF_RETURN_ERROR(                                                     \
+        "ArrayFire compiled without graphics support (AF_WITH_GRAPHICS)", \
+        AF_ERR_NOT_CONFIGURED)
+
+af_err af_create_window(af_window *, const int, const int, const char* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_position(const af_window, const unsigned, const unsigned) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_title(const af_window, const char* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_size(const af_window, const unsigned, const unsigned) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_image(const af_window, const af_array, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_plot(const af_window, const af_array, const af_array,
+                    const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_plot3(const af_window, const af_array, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_plot_nd(const af_window, const af_array, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_plot_2d(const af_window, const af_array, const af_array,
+                       const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_plot_3d(const af_window, const af_array, const af_array,
+                       const af_array, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_scatter(const af_window, const af_array, const af_array,
+                       const af_marker_type, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_scatter3(const af_window, const af_array, const af_marker_type,
+                        const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_scatter_nd(const af_window, const af_array,
+                          const af_marker_type, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_scatter_2d(const af_window, const af_array, const af_array,
+                          const af_marker_type, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_scatter_3d(const af_window, const af_array, const af_array,
+                          const af_array, const af_marker_type,
+                          const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_hist(const af_window, const af_array, const double,
+                    const double, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_surface(const af_window, const af_array, const af_array,
+                       const af_array, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_vector_field_nd(const af_window, const af_array,
+                               const af_array, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_vector_field_3d(const af_window, const af_array,
+                               const af_array, const af_array, const af_array,
+                               const af_array, const af_array,
+                               const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_draw_vector_field_2d(const af_window, const af_array,
+                               const af_array, const af_array, const af_array,
+                               const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_grid(const af_window, const int, const int) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_axes_limits_compute(const af_window, const af_array,
+                                  const af_array, const af_array, const bool,
+                                  const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_axes_limits_2d(const af_window, const float, const float,
+                             const float, const float, const bool,
+                             const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_axes_limits_3d(const af_window, const float, const float,
+                             const float, const float, const float,
+                             const float, const bool, const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_axes_titles(const af_window, const char * const,
+                          const char * const, const char * const,
+                          const af_cell* const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_axes_label_format(const af_window, const char *const,
+                                const char *const, const char *const,
+                                const af_cell *const) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_show(const af_window) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_is_window_closed(bool *, const af_window) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_set_visibility(const af_window, const bool) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
+
+af_err af_destroy_window(const af_window) {
+    AF_GRAPHICS_NOT_CONFIGURED();
+}
diff --git a/src/api/c/moments.cpp b/src/api/c/moments.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 #include <common/ArrayInfo.hpp>
 #include <common/cast.hpp>
 #include <common/err_common.hpp>
-#include <common/graphics_common.hpp>
 #include <handle.hpp>
 #include <join.hpp>
 #include <moments.hpp>