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<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>SQLAlchemy - Full Stack Python</title>

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<h1>SQLAlchemy</h1>

<p><a href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>

(<a href="https://github.com/zzzeek/sqlalchemy">source code</a>) is a well-regarded

database toolkit and

<a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html">object-relational mapper (ORM)</a>

implementation written in Python. SQLAlchemy provides a generalized

interface for creating and executing database-agnostic code without

needing to write SQL statements.</p>

<h2>Why is SQLAlchemy a good ORM choice?</h2>

<p>SQLAlchemy isn't just an ORM- it also provides SQLAlchemy Core for performing

database work that is abstracted from the implementation differences between

PostgreSQL, SQLite, etc. In some ways, the ORM is a bonus to Core that

automates commonly-required create, read, update and delete operations.</p>

<p>SQLAlchemy can be used with or without the ORM features. Any given project

can choose to just use SQLAlchemy Core or both Core and the ORM. The

following diagram shows a few example configurations with various

application software stacks and backend databases. Any of these

configurations can be a valid option depending on what type of application

you are coding.</p>

<p>A benefit many developers enjoy with SQLAlchemy is that it allows developers

to write a mapping from the database schema to the Python objects in their

project. The mapping allows SQLAlchemy to handle the underlying database

so developers can work with Python objects instead of writing bridge code

to get data in and out of relational tables.</p>

<div class="well see-also">SQLAlchemy is an implementation of the <a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html">object-relational mapping (ORM)</a> concept. Learn more in the <a href="/data.html">data</a> chapter or view <a href="/table-of-contents.html">all topics</a>.</div>

<h2>What's SQLAlchemy look like compared to raw SQL?</h2>

<p>Here is an example of a SQLAlchemy model definition from the open source

<a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/compare-python-web-frameworks/blob/master/flask_jinja_sqlalchemy/app.py">compare-python-web-frameworks project</a>

that uses Flask, SQLAlchemy and Flask-SQLAlchemy.</p>

<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="n">Contact</span>(<span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">Model</span>):

<span class="n">__tablename__</span> = <span class="s">'contacts'</span>

<span class="n">id</span> = <span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">Column</span>(<span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">Integer</span>, <span class="n">primary_key</span>=<span class="nb">True</span>)

<span class="n">first_name</span> = <span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">Column</span>(<span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">String</span>(<span class="mi">100</span>))

<span class="n">last_name</span> = <span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">Column</span>(<span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">String</span>(<span class="mi">100</span>))

<span class="n">phone_number</span> = <span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">Column</span>(<span class="n">db</span>.<span class="n">String</span>(<span class="mi">32</span>))

<span class="n">def</span> <span class="n">__repr__</span>(<span class="k">self</span>):

<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'<Contact {0} {1}: {2}>'</span>.<span class="n">format</span>(<span class="k">self</span>.<span class="n">first_name</span>,

<span class="k">self</span>.<span class="n">last_name</span>,

<span class="k">self</span>.<span class="n">phone_number</span>)

</pre></div>

<p>SQLAlchemy handles the table creation that otherwise we would have had

to write a create table statement like this one to do the work:</p>

<div class="highlight"><pre>CREATE TABLE CONTACTS(

ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,

FIRST_NAME CHAR(100) NOT NULL,

LAST_NAME CHAR(100) NOT NULL,

PHONE_NUMBER CHAR(32) NOT NULL,

);

</pre></div>

<p>By using SQLAlchemy in our Python code, all records can be obtained with a

line like <code>contacts = Contact.query.all()</code> instead of a plain SQL such as

<code>SELECT * FROM contacts</code>. That may not look like much of a difference in

syntax but writing the queries in Python is often faster and easier for

many Python developers once multiple tables and specific filtering on fields

for queries have to be written. In addition, SQLAlchemy abstracts away

idiosyncratic differences between database implementations in

<a href="/sqlite.html">SQLite</a>, <a href="/mysql.html">MySQL</a> and

<a href="/postgresql.html">PostgreSQL</a>.</p>

<h3>Using SQLAlchemy with Web Frameworks</h3>

<p>There is no reason why you cannot use the SQLAlchemy library in any

application that requires a database backend. However, if you are

building a web app with <a href="/flask.html">Flask</a>, <a href="/bottle.html">Bottle</a> or

<a href="/other-web-frameworks.html">another web framework</a> then take

a look at the following extensions. They provide some glue code along with

helper functions that can reduce the boilerplate code needed to connect

your application's code with the SQLAlchemy library.</p>

<ul>

<li>

<p>SQLAlchemy is typically used with Flask as the database

ORM via the <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/Flask-SQLAlchemy/">Flask-SQLAlchemy</a>

extension.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>The <a href="https://github.com/iurisilvio/bottle-sqlalchemy">bottle-sqlalchemy</a>

extension for <a href="/bottle.html">Bottle</a> provides a bridge between the standard

SQLAlchemy library and Bottle. However, from my experience using the library

it does not have quite as many helper functions as Flask-SQLAlchemy.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="/pyramid.html">Pyramid</a> uses the

<a href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid_cookbook/en/latest/database/sqlalchemy.html">alchemy scaffold</a>

to make it easy to add SQLAlchemy to a Pyramid web app.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>While Django does not yet support easy-swapping of the default Django

backend ORM with SQLAlchemy (like it does for

<a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/settings/#std:setting-TEMPLATES">template engines</a>),

there are hacks for

<a href="https://engineering.betterworks.com/2015/09/03/sqlalchemy-and-django/">using SQLAlchemy within Django projects</a>.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="/morepath.html">Morepath</a> has easy-to-use support for SQLAlchemy via its

<a href="http://blog.startifact.com/posts/racing-the-morepath-sqlalchemy-integration.html">more.transaction</a>

module. There is a

<a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/morepath-sqlalchemy/">morepath-sqlalchemy demo</a>

that serves as a working example.</p>

</li>

</ul>

<h3>SQLAlchemy resources</h3>

<p>The best way to get comfortable with SQLAlchemy is to dig in and write

a database-driven application. The following resources can be helpful if

you are having trouble getting started or are starting to run into some

edge cases.</p>

<ul>

<li>

<p>If you're interested in the differences between SQLAlchemy and the Django

ORM I recommend reading

<a href="http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2011/7/19/sqlachemy-and-you/">SQLAlchemy and You</a>

by Armin Ronacher.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>There is an entire chapter in the

<a href="http://aosabook.org/en/sqlalchemy.html">Architecture of Open Source Applications book on SQLAlchemy</a>.

The content is detailed and well worth reading to understand what's

happening under the covers.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>This

<a href="https://github.com/sloria/PythonORMSleepy">GitHub project named PythonORMSleepy</a>

implements the same Flask application with several different ORMs:

SQLAlchemy, Peewee, MongoEngine, stdnet and PonyORM. Looking through the

code is helpful for understanding the varying approaches each library

takes to accomplish a similar objective. </p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="http://pajhome.org.uk/blog/10_reasons_to_love_sqlalchemy.html">10 reasons to love SQLAlchemy</a>

is a bit of a non-critical lovefest for the code library. However, the

post makes some good points about the quality of SQLAlchemy's

documentation and what a pleasure it can be to use it in a Python project.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="http://nando.oui.com.br/2014/04/01/large_apps_with_sqlalchemy__architecture.html">Large web apps in Python: A good architecture</a>

goes into issues that expanding codebases face, such as where to put

business logic and how to automate database testing. Each of the topics

in the article are discussed in the context of a recent project the

author worked on that heavily relied on SQLAlchemy.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="https://engineering.betterworks.com/2015/09/03/sqlalchemy-and-django/">SQLAlchemy and Django</a>

explains how one development team uses the Django ORM for most of their

standard queries but relies on SQLAlchemy for really advanced queries.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="https://talkpython.fm/episodes/show/5/sqlalchemy-and-data-access-in-python">SQLAlchemy and data access in Python</a>

is a podcast interview with the creator of SQLAlchemy that covers the

project's history and how it has evolved over the past decade.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>Most Flask developers use SQLAlchemy as an ORM to relational databases.

If you're unfamiliar with SQLAlchemy questions will often come up such as

<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4201455/sqlalchemy-whats-the-difference-between-flush-and-commit">what's the difference between flush and commit?</a>

that are important to understand as you build out your app.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="http://www.pythoncentral.io/sqlalchemy-vs-orms/">SQLAlchemy vs Other ORMs</a>

provides a detailed comparison of SQLAlchemy against alternatives.</p>

</li>

<li>

<p><a href="https://code.oursky.com/batch-sqlalchemy-generating-top-playlist/">SQLAlchemy in batches</a>

shows the code that a popular iOS application runs in background

batch scripts which uses SQLAlchemy to generate playlists. They provide

some context and advice for using SQLAlchemy in batch scripts.</p>

</li>

</ul>

<h3>What would you like to learn about building Python web apps?</h3>

<p class="under-btn">Tell me about standard relational databases.</p> </div>

</div>

<p class="under-btn">What're these NoSQL data stores hipster developers keep talking about?</p> </div>

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<p class="under-btn">I want to know about working with data in Python.</p> </div>

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<div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">SQLAlchemy</h3></div>

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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a> <a href="/sqlalchemy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» SQLAlchemy</a>

<a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a>

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<a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a> 2016

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