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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<title>Challenges - Modern Java</title>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Prelude</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="prelude/asking_for_help.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Asking for Help</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="prelude/toy_problems.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Toy Problems</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="prelude/lies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Lies</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="prelude/ai.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> AI</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="prelude/java.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Java</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Modern Java</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="text_editors/set_up_your_computer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Set Up Your Computer</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="text_editors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Text Editors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="text_editors/ides.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> IDEs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="text_editors/vscodium.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> VSCodium</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="text_editors/install_vscodium.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Install VSCodium</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="text_editors/install_java.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Install Java</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> The Terminal</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/windows_subsystem_for_linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/chromebooks_and_school_computers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Chromebooks and School Computers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/commands.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Commands</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/directories.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Directories</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/listing_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Listing Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/creating_directories.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Creating Directories</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/changing_directories.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Changing Directories</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/creating_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Creating Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/run_java_programs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> Run Java Programs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="the_terminal/getting_used_to_it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> Getting Used to it</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="first_steps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> First Steps</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="first_steps/comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Comments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="first_steps/semicolon.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Semicolons</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="first_steps/formatting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Formatting</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="first_steps/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Local Variables</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Naming</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables/reassignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Reassignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables/delayed_assignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Delayed Assignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables/types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables/final_variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> Final Variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables/inferred_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> Inferred Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="variables/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Types I</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boolean.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Booleans</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boolean/not.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Not</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boolean/and.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> And</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boolean/or.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Or</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boolean/operator_precedence.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> Operator Precedence</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boolean/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Integers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/integer_literals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Integer Literals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/addition.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Addition</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/subtraction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> Subtraction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/multiplication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> Multiplication</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/division.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Division</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/remainder.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> Remainder</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/equality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> Equality</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/comparison.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> Comparison</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/chained_comparisons.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> Chained Comparisons</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/operator_precedence.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> Operator Precedence</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/reassignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> Reassignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/shorthands_for_reassignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> Shorthands for Reassignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/limits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> Limits</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Floating Point Numbers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/floating_point_literals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Floating Point Literals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/accuracy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Accuracy</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/addition.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Addition</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/subtraction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Subtraction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/multiplication.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> Multiplication</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/division.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> Division</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/equality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> Equality</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/comparison.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> Comparison</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/shorthands_for_reassignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> Shorthands for Reassignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/nan.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> NaN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/positive_and_negative_infinity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.11.</strong> Positive and Negative Infinity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/square_root.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.12.</strong> Square Root</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/conversion_to_integers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.13.</strong> Conversion to Integers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/conversion_from_integers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.14.</strong> Conversion from Integers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="floating_point_numbers/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.15.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="characters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Characters</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="characters/character_literals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Character Literals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="characters/common_escape_sequences.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> Common Escape Sequences</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="characters/conversion_to_integers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> Conversion to Integers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="characters/conversion_from_integers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Conversion from Integers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="characters/unicode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> Unicode</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="characters/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Strings</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/string_literals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> String Literals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/common_escape_sequences.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Common Escape Sequences</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/empty_string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> The Empty String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/multiline.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> Multiline String Literals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/concatenation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> Concatenation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/equality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> Equality</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/length.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> Length</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/access_individual_characters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.</strong> Access Individual Characters</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Interactive Programs</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Standard Input</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input/prompting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> Prompting</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input/interpreting_input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> Interpreting Input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input/integers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> Integers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input/floating_point_numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> Floating Point Numbers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input/other_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> Other Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Control Flow I</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_paths.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Branching Paths</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/if.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> If</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/nested_ifs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> Nested Ifs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/else.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Else</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/else_if.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> Else If</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/relation_to_delayed_assignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> Relation to Delayed Assignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/scoped_variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> Scoped Variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/conditional_operator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> Conditional Operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/boolean_expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> Boolean Expressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="branching_logic/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Loops</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/while.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> While</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/endless_loops.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> Endless Loops</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/break.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> Break</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/continue.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> Continue</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/unreachable_code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> Unreachable Code</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/do_while.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> Do While</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/nested_loops.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> Nested Loops</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/labeled_break.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.</strong> Labeled Break</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/labeled_continue.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.9.</strong> Labeled Continue</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/iteration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.10.</strong> Iteration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/counting_up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.11.</strong> Counting Up</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/counting_down.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.12.</strong> Counting Down</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/iterate_over_a_string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.13.</strong> Iterate over a String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.14.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Projects</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="projects/prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> Prelude</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="projects/calorie_tracker.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Calorie Tracker</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Data Types II</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Arrays</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/array_initializers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> Array Initializers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/length.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> Length</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/access_individual_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> Access Individual Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/set_individual_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> Set Individual Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/aliasing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> Aliasing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/reassignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.6.</strong> Reassignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/relation_to_final_variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.</strong> Relation to Final Variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/printing_the_contents_of_an_array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.8.</strong> Printing the Contents of an Array</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/empty_array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.9.</strong> Empty Array</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/difference_between_initializer_and_literal.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.10.</strong> Difference between Initializer and Literal</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/initialization_with_new.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.11.</strong> Initialization with new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.12.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Control Flow II</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Loops II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/for.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.1.</strong> For</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/for_syntax.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.2.</strong> For Syntax</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/for_counting_up_and_down.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.3.</strong> Counting Up and Down</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/iterate_over_a_string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.4.</strong> Iterate over a String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/iterate_over_an_array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.5.</strong> Iterate over an Array</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/comparison_to_while.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.6.</strong> Comparison to while</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/i.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.7.</strong> i</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/break.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.8.</strong> Break</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/continue.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.9.</strong> Continue</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/delayed_assignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.10.</strong> Delayed Assignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/inferred_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.11.</strong> Inferred Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/empty_initializers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.12.</strong> Empty Initializers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/empty_expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.13.</strong> Empty Expressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/empty_statements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.14.</strong> Empty Statements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/final_variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.15.</strong> Final Variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/labeled_break.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.16.</strong> Labeled Break</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/labeled_continue.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.17.</strong> Labeled Continue</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/drawing_right_triangles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.18.</strong> Drawing Right Triangles</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/drawing_isosceles_triangles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.19.</strong> Drawing Isosceles Triangles</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.20.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Code Structure</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Methods</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="methods/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="methods/invocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> Invocation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="methods/scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> Scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="methods/main.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.4.</strong> main</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="methods/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.5.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Arguments</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/invocation_with_arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.2.</strong> Invocation with Arguments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/reassignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.3.</strong> Reassignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/final_arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.4.</strong> Final Arguments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/aliasing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.5.</strong> Aliasing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/overloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.6.</strong> Overloading</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/inferred_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.7.</strong> Inferred Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arguments/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> Return Values</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/return_statement.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.2.</strong> Return Statement</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/exhaustiveness.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.3.</strong> Exhaustiveness</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/void.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.4.</strong> void</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/return_in_void_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.5.</strong> Return in void methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/conversion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.6.</strong> Conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/unreachable_statements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.7.</strong> Unreachable Statements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="return_values/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Types III</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> Multi-Dimensional Arrays</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/array_initializers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.2.</strong> Array Initializers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/initialization_with_new.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.3.</strong> Initialization with new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/access_individual_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.4.</strong> Access Individual Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/set_individual_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.5.</strong> Set Individual Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/initialize_with_size.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.6.</strong> Initialization with Size</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/default_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.7.</strong> Default Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/populate_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.8.</strong> Populate Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/ragged_arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.9.</strong> Ragged Arrays</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_dimensional_arrays/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.10.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Projects</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="projects/ascii_art.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> ASCII Art Generator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Data Types IV</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="null.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> null</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="null/null_as_absence.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.1.</strong> Null as Absence</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="null/null_as_unknown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.2.</strong> Null as Unknown</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="null/checking_for_null.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.3.</strong> Checking for null</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="null/null_pointer_exception.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.4.</strong> NullPointerException</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="null/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.5.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> Boxed Primitives</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/integer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.1.</strong> Integer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/double.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.2.</strong> Double</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/character.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.3.</strong> Character</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/boolean.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.4.</strong> Boolean</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/unboxing_conversion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.5.</strong> Unboxing Conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/boxing_conversion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.6.</strong> Boxing Conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/arrays_of_boxed_primitives.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.7.</strong> Arrays of Boxed Primitives</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="boxed_primitives/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> Arrays II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays_ii/initialization_with_size.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.1.</strong> Initializion with Size</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays_ii/default_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.2.</strong> Default Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays_ii/populate_arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.3.</strong> Populate Arrays</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arrays_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.4.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Code Structure II</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> Classes</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/the_meaning_of_the_word_class.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.1.</strong> The meaning of the word Class</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/class_declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.2.</strong> Class Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.3.</strong> Naming</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/instances.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.4.</strong> Instances</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.5.</strong> Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/field_initialization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.6.</strong> Field Initialization</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/field_access.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.7.</strong> Field Access</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/field_default_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.8.</strong> Field Default Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/aliasing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.9.</strong> Aliasing</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/return_multiple_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.10.</strong> Return Multiple Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="classes/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.11.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.</strong> Instance Methods</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/invocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.1.</strong> Invocation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.2.</strong> Arguments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/field_access.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.3.</strong> Field Access</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/field_updates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.4.</strong> Field Updates</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/derived_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.5.</strong> Derived Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/invoke_other_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.6.</strong> Invoke Other Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/this.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.7.</strong> this</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/disambiguation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.8.</strong> Disambiguation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/clarity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.9.</strong> Clarity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="instance_methods/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">27.10.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Projects</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="projects/point_of_sale_system.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">28.</strong> Point of Sale System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Data Types V</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.</strong> Enums</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums/variants.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.2.</strong> Variants</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.3.</strong> Naming</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums/usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.4.</strong> Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums/equality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.5.</strong> Equality</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums/comparison_to_boolean.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.6.</strong> Comparison to boolean</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="enums/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">29.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.</strong> Strings II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii/lowercase.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.1.</strong> lowercase</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii/UPPERCASE.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.2.</strong> UPPERCASE</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii/equality_ignoring_case.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.3.</strong> Equality ignoring case</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii/check_if_empty.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.4.</strong> Check if empty</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii/check_if_blank.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.5.</strong> Check if blank</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii/strip_extra_whitespace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.6.</strong> Strip extra whitespace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="strings_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">30.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Control Flow III</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.</strong> Exceptions</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions/throw.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.1.</strong> throw</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions/messages.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.2.</strong> Messages</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions/stack_traces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.3.</strong> Stack Traces</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions/try_catch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.4.</strong> try/catch</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">31.5.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.</strong> Switch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/case_and_default.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.1.</strong> Case and Default</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.2.</strong> Strings</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/ints.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.3.</strong> ints</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.4.</strong> Enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/omitted_default.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.5.</strong> Omitted Default</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/combining_cases.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.6.</strong> Combining Cases</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/null.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.7.</strong> null</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/exhaustiveness.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.8.</strong> Exhaustiveness</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">32.9.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Interactive Programs II</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.</strong> Standard Input II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input_ii/reprompting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.1.</strong> Reprompting</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input_ii/enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.2.</strong> Enums</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input_ii/delayed_assignment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.3.</strong> Delayed Assignment</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input_ii/leniency.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.4.</strong> Leniency</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input_ii/aggregating_data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.5.</strong> Aggregating Data</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="standard_input_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">33.6.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Code Structure III</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.</strong> Constructors</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/the_default_constructor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.2.</strong> The Default Constructor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.3.</strong> Arguments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/final_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.4.</strong> Final Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/invariants.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.5.</strong> Invariants</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/overloads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.6.</strong> Overloads</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/delegation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.7.</strong> Delegation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="constructors/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">34.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="global_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.</strong> Global Fields</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="global_fields/default_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.1.</strong> Default Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="global_fields/final_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.2.</strong> Final Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="global_fields/field_access.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.3.</strong> Field Access</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="global_fields/inferred_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.4.</strong> Inferred Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="global_fields/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">35.5.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Projects</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="projects/tic_tac_toe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">36.</strong> Tic-Tac-Toe</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Concepts</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="code_is_read_more_than_written.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.</strong> Code is Read more than Written</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="code_is_read_more_than_written/meaning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.1.</strong> Meaning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="code_is_read_more_than_written/implications.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.2.</strong> Implications</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="code_is_read_more_than_written/information_density.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.3.</strong> Information Density</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="code_is_read_more_than_written/audience.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.4.</strong> Audience</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="code_is_read_more_than_written/practice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">37.5.</strong> Practice</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Control Flow IV</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.</strong> Exceptions II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/checked_exceptions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.1.</strong> Checked Exceptions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/unchecked_exceptions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.2.</strong> Unchecked Exceptions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/throws.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.3.</strong> throws</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/propagating_exceptions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.4.</strong> Propagating Exceptions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/exception.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.5.</strong> Exception</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/runtime_exception.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.6.</strong> RuntimeException</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/rethrowing_exceptions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.7.</strong> Rethrowing Exceptions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/main.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.8.</strong> main</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="exceptions_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">38.9.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.</strong> Switch II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_ii/yield.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.1.</strong> Yield</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_ii/omitted_yield.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.2.</strong> Omitted Yield</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_ii/exhaustiveness.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.3.</strong> Exhaustiveness</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_ii/return_a_switch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.4.</strong> Return a Switch</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">39.5.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Code Structure IV</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.</strong> Multi-File Programs</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs/the_sources_folder.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.1.</strong> The Sources folder</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs/the_main_file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.2.</strong> The Main file</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs/a_second_file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.3.</strong> A Second file</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs/file_names.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.4.</strong> File names</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs/the_anonymous_main_class.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.5.</strong> The Anonymous Main Class</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs/global_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.6.</strong> Global Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="multi_file_programs/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">40.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.</strong> Visibility</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility/private_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.1.</strong> Private Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility/private_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.2.</strong> Private Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility/invariants.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.3.</strong> Invariants</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility/accessors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.4.</strong> Accessors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility/getter_and_setters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.5.</strong> Getters and Setters</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="visibility/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">41.6.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.</strong> Static Fields</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields/initialization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.2.</strong> Initialization</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields/usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.3.</strong> Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields/constants.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.4.</strong> Constants</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields/controversy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.5.</strong> Controversy</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.6.</strong> Naming</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_fields/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">42.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.</strong> Static Methods</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods/scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.2.</strong> Scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.3.</strong> Naming</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods/usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.4.</strong> Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods/math.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.5.</strong> Math</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods/factories.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.6.</strong> Factories</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="static_methods/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">43.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Structures & Algorithms</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.</strong> Growable Arrays</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays/concept.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.1.</strong> Concept</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays/simple_implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.2.</strong> Simple Implementation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays/usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.3.</strong> Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays/performance_problems.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.4.</strong> Performance Problems</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays/performance_solutions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.5.</strong> Performance Solutions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays/optimized_implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.6.</strong> Optimized Implementation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="growable_arrays/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">44.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Interactive Programs III</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="command_line_arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">45.</strong> Command Line Arguments</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="command_line_arguments/accessing_arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">45.1.</strong> Accessing Arguments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="command_line_arguments/conventions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">45.2.</strong> Conventions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="command_line_arguments/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">45.3.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Code Structure V</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.</strong> Inner Classes</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.1.</strong> Type</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/instances.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.2.</strong> Instances</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/new_operator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.3.</strong> New Operator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.4.</strong> Scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/disambiguation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.5.</strong> Disambiguation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/the_anonymous_main_class.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.6.</strong> The anonymous main class</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/static_inner_classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.7.</strong> Static Inner Classes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/private_inner_classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.8.</strong> Private Inner Classes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="inner_classes/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">46.9.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.</strong> Packages</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/visibility.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.2.</strong> Visibility</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/public_classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.3.</strong> Public Classes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/fully_qualified_class_name.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.4.</strong> Fully Qualified Class Name</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/import.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.5.</strong> Import</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/package_imports.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.6.</strong> Package Imports</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/the_default_package.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.7.</strong> The Default Package</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/the_anonymous_main_class.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.8.</strong> The Anonymous Main Class</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/public_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.9.</strong> Public Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/package_private_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.10.</strong> Package-Private Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/public_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.11.</strong> Public Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/package_private_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.12.</strong> Package-Private Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/the_default_constructor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.13.</strong> The Default Constructor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/public_constructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.14.</strong> Public Constructors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/package_private_constructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.15.</strong> Package-Private Constructors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/subpackages.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.16.</strong> Subpackages</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/reverse_domain_name_notation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.17.</strong> Reverse Domain Name Notation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packages/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">47.18.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Types VI</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.</strong> Records</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/the_canonical_constructor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.2.</strong> The Canonical Constructor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/component_accessors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.3.</strong> Component Accessors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/component_accessor_visibility.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.4.</strong> Component Accessor Visibility</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/printing_a_record.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.5.</strong> Printing a Record</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/check_for_equality.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.6.</strong> Check for Equality</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/return_multiple_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.7.</strong> Return Multiple Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/shorthand.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.8.</strong> Shorthand</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="records/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">48.9.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.</strong> Integers II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii/integer_from_a_string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.1.</strong> Integer from a String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii/integer_to_a_string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.2.</strong> Integer to a String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii/base_16_integer_literals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.3.</strong> Base 16 Integer Literals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii/integer_from_a_base_16_string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.4.</strong> Integer from a Base 16 String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii/integer_to_a_base_16_string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.5.</strong> Integer to a Base 16 String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii/underscores_in_integer_literals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.6.</strong> Underscores in Integer Literals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="integers_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">49.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Interactive Programs IV</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.</strong> Files</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files/paths.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.1.</strong> Paths</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files/ioexception.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.2.</strong> IOException</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files/uncheckedioexception.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.3.</strong> UncheckedIOException</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files/write_to_a_file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.4.</strong> Write to a File</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files/read_from_a_file.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.5.</strong> Read from a File</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files/creating_a_folder.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.6.</strong> Create a Folder</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="files/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">50.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Projects</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="projects/data_visualization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">51.</strong> Data Visualization</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Code Structure VI</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.</strong> Object</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/subtypes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.1.</strong> Subtypes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/instanceof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.2.</strong> instanceof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/toString.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.3.</strong> toString</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/override_toString.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.4.</strong> Override toString</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/override.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.5.</strong> @Override</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/equals_and_hashCode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.6.</strong> equals and hashCode</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/override_equals_and_hashCode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.7.</strong> Override equals and hashCode</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="objects/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">52.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.</strong> Generics</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics/type_variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.1.</strong> Type Variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.2.</strong> Naming</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics/instantiation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.3.</strong> Instantiation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics/inference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.4.</strong> Inference</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics/soundness.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.5.</strong> Soundness</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics/raw_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.6.</strong> Raw Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="generics/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">53.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.</strong> Interfaces</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces/interface_declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.1.</strong> Interface Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces/implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.2.</strong> Implementation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces/override.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.3.</strong> @Override</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.4.</strong> Naming</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces/subtypes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.5.</strong> Subtypes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces/multiple_implementations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.6.</strong> Multiple Implementations</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">54.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Types VII</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.</strong> Time</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/instant.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.1.</strong> Instant</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/duration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.2.</strong> Duration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/local_date.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.3.</strong> LocalDate</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/local_time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.4.</strong> LocalTime</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/local_date_time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.5.</strong> LocalDateTime</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/time_zones.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.6.</strong> Time Zones</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/zoned_date_time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.7.</strong> ZonedDateTime</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/offset_date_time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.8.</strong> OffsetDateTime</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/date.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.9.</strong> Date</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="time/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">55.10.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.</strong> ArrayList</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/ubiquity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.1.</strong> Ubiquity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/add_an_item.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.2.</strong> Add an item</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/size.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.3.</strong> Size</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/get_an_item.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.4.</strong> Get an item</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/loop_over_items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.5.</strong> Loop over items</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/set_an_item.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.6.</strong> Set an item</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/remove_an_item.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.7.</strong> Remove an item</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="array_list/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">56.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.</strong> HashMap</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/filing_cabinets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.1.</strong> Filing Cabinets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/keys_and_values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.2.</strong> Keys and Values</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/put_items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.3.</strong> Put Items</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/get_items.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.4.</strong> Get Items</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/hash_functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.5.</strong> Hash Functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/hash_collision.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.6.</strong> Hash Collision</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/hash_distribution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.7.</strong> Hash Distribution</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/reference_based_identity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.8.</strong> Reference Based Identity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/value_based_identity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.9.</strong> Value Based Identity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/appropriate_keys.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.10.</strong> Appropriate Keys</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/ubiquity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.11.</strong> Ubiquity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hash_maps/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">57.12.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Concepts II</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hyrums_law.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.</strong> Hyrum's Law</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hyrums_law/authority.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.1.</strong> Authority</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hyrums_law/validity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.2.</strong> Validity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hyrums_law/emergent_properties.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.3.</strong> Emergent Properties</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="hyrums_law/importance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">58.4.</strong> Importance</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Control Flow V</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_iii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.</strong> Switch III</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_iii/break.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.1.</strong> break</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_iii/fallthrough.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.2.</strong> fallthrough</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_iii/return.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.3.</strong> return</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_iii/default.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.4.</strong> default</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_iii/yield.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.5.</strong> yield</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="switch_iii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">59.6.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.</strong> Recursion</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/disclaimer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.1.</strong> Disclaimer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/base_case.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.2.</strong> Base Case</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/comparison_to_delegation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.3.</strong> Comparison to Delegation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/comparison_to_loops.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.4.</strong> Comparison to Loops</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/counting_down.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.5.</strong> Counting Down</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/accumulators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.6.</strong> Accumulators</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/recursing_over_strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.7.</strong> Recurse Over a String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/recursing_over_arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.8.</strong> Recurse Over an Array</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="recursion/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">60.9.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.</strong> Loops III</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/for_each_loops.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.1.</strong> For-each loops</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.2.</strong> Arrays</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/iterable_and_iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.3.</strong> Iterable and Iterator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/arraylist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.4.</strong> ArrayList</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.5.</strong> String</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/concurrent_modifications.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.6.</strong> Concurrent Modifications</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/inferred_types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.7.</strong> Inferred Types</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="loops_iii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">61.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Concepts III</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.</strong> Encapsulation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/implementation_details.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.1.</strong> Implementation Details</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/implicit_interfaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.2.</strong> Implicit Interfaces</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.3.</strong> Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.4.</strong> Classes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/abstractions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.5.</strong> Abstraction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/coupling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.6.</strong> Coupling</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/leaky_abstractions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.7.</strong> Leaky Abstractions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="encapsulation/information_hiding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">62.8.</strong> Information Hiding</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Types VIII</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.</strong> Collections</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/list.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.1.</strong> List</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/map.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.2.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/set.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.3.</strong> Set</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/arrays.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.4.</strong> Arrays</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/unsupported_operation_exception.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.5.</strong> UnsupportedOperationException</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/factories.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.6.</strong> Factories</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/specificity.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.7.</strong> Specificity</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="collections/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">63.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Metaprogramming</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.</strong> Reflection</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/class_objects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.1.</strong> Class Objects</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/get_all_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.2.</strong> Get all Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/get_a_field.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.3.</strong> Get a Field</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/read_from_a_field.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.4.</strong> Read from a Field</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/write_to_a_field.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.5.</strong> Write to a Field</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/get_all_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.6.</strong> Get all Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/get_a_method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.7.</strong> Get a Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/invoke_a_method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.8.</strong> Invoke a Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/get_a_constructor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.9.</strong> Get a Constructor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/get_all_constructors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.10.</strong> Get all Constructors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/invoke_a_constructor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.11.</strong> Invoke a Constructor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="reflection/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">64.12.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.</strong> Annotations</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.2.</strong> Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.3.</strong> Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/usage_with_elements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.4.</strong> Usage with Elements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/defaults.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.5.</strong> Defaults</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.6.</strong> @Target</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/retention.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.7.</strong> @Retention</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/reflective_access.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.8.</strong> Reflective Access</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/override.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.9.</strong> @Override</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="annotations/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">65.10.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Code Structure VII</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces_ii.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.</strong> Interfaces II</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces_ii/default_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.1.</strong> Default Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces_ii/interface_extension.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.2.</strong> Interface Extension</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces_ii/static_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.3.</strong> Static Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces_ii/static_fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.4.</strong> Static Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="interfaces_ii/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">66.5.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.</strong> Class Extension</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/extend_a_class.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.1.</strong> Extend a Class</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/inheritance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.2.</strong> Inheritance</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/override.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.3.</strong> Override</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/protected.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.4.</strong> Protected</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/abstract_classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.5.</strong> Abstract Classes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/abstract_methods.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.6.</strong> Abstract Methods</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/relation_to_interfaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.7.</strong> Relation to Interfaces</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/relation_to_encapsulation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.8.</strong> Relation to Encapsulation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/final_classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.9.</strong> Final Classes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="class_extension/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">67.10.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Types IX</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="niche_numerics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.</strong> Niche Numerics</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="niche_numerics/byte.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.1.</strong> byte</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="niche_numerics/short.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.2.</strong> short</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="niche_numerics/long.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.3.</strong> long</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="niche_numerics/unsigned_operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.4.</strong> Unsigned Operations</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="niche_numerics/float.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.5.</strong> float</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="niche_numerics/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">68.6.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Projects</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="projects/music_maker.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">69.</strong> Music Maker</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Code Structure VIII</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.</strong> Modules</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/declaration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.1.</strong> Declaration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/restrictions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.2.</strong> Restrictions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/exports.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.3.</strong> Exports</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/requires.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.4.</strong> Requires</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/module_imports.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.5.</strong> Module Imports</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/java.base.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.6.</strong> java.base</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/the_unnamed_module.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.7.</strong> The Unnamed Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/multi_module_directory_layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.8.</strong> Multi-Module Directory Layout</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/purpose.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.9.</strong> Purpose</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="modules/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">70.10.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.</strong> Lambdas</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/functional_interfaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.1.</strong> Functional Interfaces</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/functional_interface_annotation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.2.</strong> @FunctionalInterface</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/lambda_expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.3.</strong> Lambda Expressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/arguments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.4.</strong> Arguments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/return.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.5.</strong> Return</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/method_references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.6.</strong> Method References</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/constructor_references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.7.</strong> Constructor References</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/inference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.8.</strong> Inference</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/built_in_functional_interfaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.9.</strong> Built-In Functional Interfaces</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/checked_exceptions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.10.</strong> Checked Exceptions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="lambdas/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">71.11.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Sharing Code</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.</strong> Compilation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/javac.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.1.</strong> javac</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/class_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.2.</strong> Class Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.3.</strong> Modules</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/multiple_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.4.</strong> Compile Multiple Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/clean.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.5.</strong> Clean</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/g.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.6.</strong> -g</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/running_compiled_code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.7.</strong> Running Compiled Code</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="compilation/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">72.8.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packaging.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">73.</strong> Packaging</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packaging/jar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">73.1.</strong> jar</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packaging/jar_files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">73.2.</strong> Jar Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packaging/module_path.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">73.3.</strong> --module-path</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packaging/main_class.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">73.4.</strong> --main-class</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packaging/libraries.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">73.5.</strong> Libraries</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="packaging/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">73.6.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Tools</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.</strong> just</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.1.</strong> Installation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just/justfile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.2.</strong> Justfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just/recipes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.3.</strong> Recipes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just/dependencies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.4.</strong> Dependencies</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just/documentation_comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.5.</strong> Documentation Comments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just/further_reading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.6.</strong> Further Reading</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="just/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">74.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Sharing Code II</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="documentation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">75.</strong> Documentation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="documentation/documentation_comments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">75.1.</strong> Documentation Comments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="documentation/format.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">75.2.</strong> Format</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="documentation/javadoc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">75.3.</strong> javadoc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="documentation/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">75.4.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Data Types X</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.</strong> Streams</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams/stream.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.1.</strong> stream</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams/map.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.2.</strong> map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams/filter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.3.</strong> filter</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams/terminal_operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.4.</strong> Terminal Operations</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams/collectors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.5.</strong> Collectors</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams/purpose.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.6.</strong> Purpose</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="streams/challenges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">76.7.</strong> Challenges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Conclusion</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="conclusion/what_now.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">77.</strong> What Now?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">78.</strong> 🚧 (More Chapters Planned) 🚧</div></li></ol>
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<h1 id="challenges"><a class="header" href="#challenges">Challenges</a></h1>
<p>Remember the rules for this are</p>
<ul>
<li>Try to use only the information given up to this point in this book.</li>
<li>Try not to give up until you've given it a solid attempt</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="challenge-1"><a class="header" href="#challenge-1">Challenge 1.</a></h2>
<p>Make a class named <code>PirateShip</code> which has one <code>int</code> field
named <code>crewSize</code>.</p>
<p>Add an instance method to that class named <code>sail</code> which outputs</p>
<pre><code>N sailors, ready to sail!
</code></pre>
<p>Where <em>N</em> is the size of the crew.</p>
<pre><code class="language-java editable">// ----------------
// CODE HERE
// ----------------
void main() {
PirateShip ship = new PirateShip();
ship.crewSize = 25;
ship.sail();
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="challenge-2"><a class="header" href="#challenge-2">Challenge 2.</a></h2>
<p>Make a class named <code>StringArrayView</code> which has
one <code>String[]</code> field named <code>value</code>
and two methods named <code>get</code> and <code>length</code>.</p>
<p><code>get</code> should take in an index and return the matching element
of the array.</p>
<p><code>length</code> should take no arguments and give the length of the array.</p>
<pre><code class="language-java editable">// ----------------
// CODE HERE
// ----------------
void main() {
StringArrayView view = new StringArrayView();
view.value = new String[] { "A", "B", "C" };
// 3
IO.println(view.length());
// A
IO.println(view.get(0));
// C
IO.println(view.get(2));
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="challenge-3"><a class="header" href="#challenge-3">Challenge 3.</a></h2>
<p>Alter the <code>VoiceActor</code> class so that it has a method named <code>fullName</code>
that returns their <code>firstName</code> followed by their <code>lastName</code> and separated
by a space.</p>
<p>If their <code>lastName</code> is <code>null</code>, you should have no trailing space.
If their <code>firstName</code> is <code>null</code>, you should have no leading space.</p>
<p>If both their <code>firstName</code> and <code>lastName</code> are <code>null</code>, you should
return <code>"No Name"</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-java editable">class VoiceActor {
String firstName;
String lastName;
// -----------------
// CODE HERE
// -----------------
}
void main() {
VoiceActor goku = new VoiceActor();
goku.firstName = "Masako";
goku.lastName = "Nozawa";
// "Masako Nozawa"
String gokuFullName = goku.fullName();
IO.println(gokuFullName);
// "Nozawa"
goku.firstName = null;
gokuFullName = goku.fullName();
IO.println(gokuFullName);
// "No Name"
goku.lastName = null;
gokuFullName = goku.fullName();
IO.println(gokuFullName);
// "Horikawa"
VoiceActor vegeta = new VoiceActor();
vegeta.lastName = "Horikawa";
IO.println(vegeta.fullName());
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="challenge-4"><a class="header" href="#challenge-4">Challenge 4.</a></h2>
<p>Make a <code>Rectangle</code> class which has a <code>width</code> field and a <code>height</code>
field. Give it an instance method named <code>toCharArray</code> which gives
a <code>char[]</code> that can be printed to display a rectangle of the given
width and height.</p>
<pre><code class="language-java editable">// ------------
// CODE HERE
// ------------
void main() {
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
rectangle.width = 3;
rectangle.height = 4;
/*
***
***
***
***
*/
char[] c = rectangle.toCharArray();
IO.println(c);
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="challenge-5"><a class="header" href="#challenge-5">Challenge 5.</a></h2>
<p>Update the definition for the <code>Taco</code> class so that it has a method named
<code>deluxe</code>. This should set the taco to have beef, sour cream, cheese,
and onion. Use the existing instance methods instead of directly accessing
fields.</p>
<pre><code class="language-java editable">class Taco {
boolean beef;
boolean sourCream;
boolean cheese;
boolean onion;
void addBeef() {
this.beef = true;
}
void addSourCream() {
this.sourCream = true;
}
void addCheese() {
this.cheese = true;
}
void addOnion() {
this.onion = true;
}
void deluxe() {
// ------------
// CODE HERE
// ------------
}
}
void main() {
var taco = new Taco();
taco.deluxe();
IO.println("Has Beef: " + taco.beef);
IO.println("Has Sour Cream: " + taco.sourCream);
IO.println("Has Cheese: " + taco.cheese);
IO.println("Has Onion: " + taco.onion);
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="challenge-6"><a class="header" href="#challenge-6">Challenge 6.</a></h2>
<p>Why doesn't this code function as you'd expect? Fix it by changing one line.</p>
<pre><code class="language-java editable">class Oscar {
boolean grouchy;
void setGrouchy(boolean grouchy) {
grouchy = grouchy;
}
}
void main() {
var oscar = new Oscar();
oscar.setGrouchy(true);
IO.println(oscar.grouchy);
}
</code></pre>
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