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Bulk Fix CRT Acrolinx issues 5 of N
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‎docs/c-runtime-library/strcoll-functions.md‎

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# strcoll Functions
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Each of the `strcoll` and `wcscoll` functions compares two strings according to the `LC_COLLATE` category setting of the locale code page currently in use. Each of the `_mbscoll` functions compares two strings according to the multibyte code page currently in use. Use the `coll` functions for string comparisons when there is a difference between the character set order and the lexicographic character order in the current code page and this difference is of interest for the comparison. Use the corresponding `cmp` functions to test only for string equality.
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Each of the `strcoll` and `wcscoll` functions compares two strings according to the `LC_COLLATE` category setting of the locale code page currently in use. Each of the `_mbscoll` functions compares two strings according to the multibyte code page currently in use. Use the `coll` functions for string comparisons when there's a difference between the character set order and the lexicographic character order in the current code page if the difference is of interest for the comparison. Use the corresponding `cmp` functions to test only for string equality.
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### strcoll Functions
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The single-byte character (SBCS) versions of these functions (`strcoll`, `stricoll`, `_strncoll`, and `_strnicoll`) compare `string1` and `string2` according to the `LC_COLLATE` category setting of the current locale. These functions differ from the corresponding `strcmp` functions in that the `strcoll` functions use locale code page information that provides collating sequences. For string comparisons in locales in which the character set order and the lexicographic character order differ, the `strcoll` functions should be used rather than the corresponding `strcmp` functions. For more information on `LC_COLLATE`, see [setlocale](../c-runtime-library/reference/setlocale-wsetlocale.md).
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For some code pages and corresponding character sets, the order of characters in the character set may differ from the lexicographic character order. In the "C" locale, this is not the case: the order of characters in the ASCII character set is the same as the lexicographic order of the characters. However, in certain European code pages, for example, the character 'a' (value 0x61) precedes the character 'ä' (value 0xE4) in the character set, but the character 'ä' precedes the character 'a' lexicographically. To perform a lexicographic comparison in such an instance, use `strcoll` rather than `strcmp`. Alternatively, you can use `strxfrm` on the original strings, then use `strcmp` on the resulting strings.
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For some code pages and corresponding character sets, the order of characters in the character set may differ from the lexicographic character order. In the "C" locale, it isn't the case: the order of characters in the ASCII character set is the same as the lexicographic order of the characters. However, in certain European code pages, for example, the character 'a' (value 0x61) precedes the character 'ä' (value 0xE4) in the character set, but the character 'ä' precedes the character 'a' lexicographically. To perform a lexicographic comparison in such an instance, use `strcoll` rather than `strcmp`. Alternatively, you can use `strxfrm` on the original strings, then use `strcmp` on the resulting strings.
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`strcoll`, `stricoll`, `_strncoll`, and `_strnicoll` automatically handle multibyte-character strings according to the locale code page currently in use, as do their wide-character (Unicode) counterparts. The multibyte-character (MBCS) versions of these functions, however, collate strings on a character basis according to the multibyte code page currently in use.
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Because the `coll` functions collate strings lexicographically for comparison, whereas the `cmp` functions simply test for string equality, the `coll` functions are much slower than the corresponding `cmp` versions. Therefore, the `coll` functions should be used only when there is a difference between the character set order and the lexicographic character order in the current code page and this difference is of interest for the string comparison.
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Because the `coll` functions collate strings lexicographically for comparison, whereas the `cmp` functions simply test for string equality, the `coll` functions are much slower than the corresponding `cmp` versions. Therefore, the `coll` functions should be used only when there's a difference between the character set order and the lexicographic character order in the current code page and this difference is of interest for the string comparison.
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## See also
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‎docs/c-runtime-library/stream-i-o.md‎

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|[`_flushall`](../c-runtime-library/reference/flushall.md)|Flush all streams to buffer or storage device|
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|[`fopen`, `_wfopen`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fopen-wfopen.md), [`fopen_s`, `_wfopen_s`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fopen-s-wfopen-s.md)|Open stream|
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|[`fprintf`, `_fprintf_l`, `fwprintf`, `_fwprintf_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fprintf-fprintf-l-fwprintf-fwprintf-l.md), [`fprintf_s`, `_fprintf_s_l`, `fwprintf_s`, `_fwprintf_s_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fprintf-s-fprintf-s-l-fwprintf-s-fwprintf-s-l.md)|Write formatted data to stream|
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|[fputc, fputwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md)|Write a character to a stream (function versions of **`putc`** and **`putwc`**)|
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|[`fputc`, `fputwc`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md)|Write a character to a stream (function versions of **`putc`** and **`putwc`**)|
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|[`_fputchar`, `_fputwchar`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md)|Write character to **`stdout`** (function versions of **`putchar`** and **`putwchar`**)|
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|[`fputs`, `fputws`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputs-fputws.md)|Write string to stream|
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|[`fread`](../c-runtime-library/reference/fread.md)|Read unformatted data from stream|
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When a program begins execution, the startup code automatically opens several streams: standard input (pointed to by **`stdin`**), standard output (pointed to by **`stdout`**), and standard error (pointed to by **`stderr`**). These streams are directed to the console (keyboard and screen) by default. Use **`freopen`** to redirect **`stdin`**, **`stdout`**, or **`stderr`** to a disk file or a device.
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Files opened using the stream routines are buffered by default. The **`stdout`** and **`stderr`** functions are flushed whenever they are full or, if you are writing to a character device, after each library call. If a program terminates abnormally, output buffers may not be flushed, resulting in loss of data. Use **`fflush`** or **`_flushall`** to ensure that the buffer associated with a specified file or all open buffers are flushed to the operating system, which can cache data before writing it to disk. The commit-to-disk feature ensures that the flushed buffer contents are not lost in the event of a system failure.
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Files opened using the stream routines are buffered by default. The **`stdout`** and **`stderr`** functions are flushed whenever they're full or, if you're writing to a character device, after each library call. If a program terminates abnormally, output buffers may not be flushed, resulting in loss of data. Use **`fflush`** or **`_flushall`** to ensure that the buffer associated with a specified file is flushed to the operating system, or all open buffers are flushed. The operating system can cache data before writing it to disk. The commit-to-disk feature ensures that the flushed buffer contents aren't lost if there's a system failure.
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There are two ways to commit buffer contents to disk:
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Any file specifically opened with either the **`c`** or the **`n`** flag behaves according to the flag, regardless of the state of the global commit/no-commit flag.
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If your program does not explicitly close a stream, the stream is automatically closed when the program terminates. However, you should close a stream when your program finishes with it, as the number of streams that can be open at one time is limited. See [`_setmaxstdio`](../c-runtime-library/reference/setmaxstdio.md) for information on this limit.
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If your program doesn't explicitly close a stream, the stream is automatically closed when the program terminates. However, you should close a stream when your program finishes with it, as the number of streams that can be open at one time is limited. See [`_setmaxstdio`](../c-runtime-library/reference/setmaxstdio.md) for information on this limit.
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Input can follow output directly only with an intervening call to **`fflush`** or to a file-positioning function (**`fseek`**, **`fsetpos`**, or **`rewind`**). Output can follow input without an intervening call to a file-positioning function if the input operation encounters the end of the file.
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Input can follow output directly only with an intervening call to **`fflush`** or to a file-positioning function (**`fseek`**, **`fsetpos`**, or **`rewind`**). Input can be followed by output without an intervening call to a file-positioning function, if the input operation encounters the end of the file.
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## See also
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[Input and Output](../c-runtime-library/input-and-output.md)<br/>
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[Universal C runtime routines by category](../c-runtime-library/run-time-routines-by-category.md)<br/>
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[Universal C runtime routines by category](../c-runtime-library/run-time-routines-by-category.md)

‎docs/c-runtime-library/stream-states.md‎

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Functions in the first three groups are declared in \<stdio.h>:
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- The byte read functions — [fgetc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgetc-fgetwc.md), [fgets](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgets-fgetws.md), [fread](../c-runtime-library/reference/fread.md), [fscanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fscanf-fscanf-l-fwscanf-fwscanf-l.md), [getc](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [getchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [gets](../c-runtime-library/gets-getws.md), [scanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/scanf-scanf-l-wscanf-wscanf-l.md), and [ungetc](../c-runtime-library/reference/ungetc-ungetwc.md)
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- The byte read functions: [fgetc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgetc-fgetwc.md), [fgets](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgets-fgetws.md), [fread](../c-runtime-library/reference/fread.md), [fscanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fscanf-fscanf-l-fwscanf-fwscanf-l.md), [getc](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [getchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [gets](../c-runtime-library/gets-getws.md), [scanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/scanf-scanf-l-wscanf-wscanf-l.md), and [ungetc](../c-runtime-library/reference/ungetc-ungetwc.md)
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- The byte write functions — [fprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fprintf-fprintf-l-fwprintf-fwprintf-l.md), [fputc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md), [fputs](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputs-fputws.md), [fwrite](../c-runtime-library/reference/fwrite.md), [printf](../c-runtime-library/reference/printf-printf-l-wprintf-wprintf-l.md), [putc](../c-runtime-library/reference/putc-putwc.md), [putchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/putc-putwc.md), [puts](../c-runtime-library/reference/puts-putws.md), [vfprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vfprintf-vfprintf-l-vfwprintf-vfwprintf-l.md), and [vprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vprintf-vprintf-l-vwprintf-vwprintf-l.md)
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- The byte write functions: [fprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fprintf-fprintf-l-fwprintf-fwprintf-l.md), [fputc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md), [fputs](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputs-fputws.md), [fwrite](../c-runtime-library/reference/fwrite.md), [printf](../c-runtime-library/reference/printf-printf-l-wprintf-wprintf-l.md), [putc](../c-runtime-library/reference/putc-putwc.md), [putchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/putc-putwc.md), [puts](../c-runtime-library/reference/puts-putws.md), [vfprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vfprintf-vfprintf-l-vfwprintf-vfwprintf-l.md), and [vprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vprintf-vprintf-l-vwprintf-vwprintf-l.md)
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- The position functions — [fflush](../c-runtime-library/reference/fflush.md), [fseek](../c-runtime-library/reference/fseek-fseeki64.md), [fsetpos](../c-runtime-library/reference/fsetpos.md), and [rewind](../c-runtime-library/reference/rewind.md)
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- The position functions: [fflush](../c-runtime-library/reference/fflush.md), [fseek](../c-runtime-library/reference/fseek-fseeki64.md), [fsetpos](../c-runtime-library/reference/fsetpos.md), and [rewind](../c-runtime-library/reference/rewind.md)
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Functions in the remaining two groups are declared in \<wchar.h>:
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- The wide read functions — [fgetwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgetc-fgetwc.md), [fgetws](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgets-fgetws.md), [fwscanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fscanf-fscanf-l-fwscanf-fwscanf-l.md), [getwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [getwchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [ungetwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/ungetc-ungetwc.md), and [wscanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/scanf-scanf-l-wscanf-wscanf-l.md),
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- The wide read functions: [fgetwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgetc-fgetwc.md), [fgetws](../c-runtime-library/reference/fgets-fgetws.md), [fwscanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fscanf-fscanf-l-fwscanf-fwscanf-l.md), [getwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [getwchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/getc-getwc.md), [ungetwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/ungetc-ungetwc.md), and [wscanf](../c-runtime-library/reference/scanf-scanf-l-wscanf-wscanf-l.md),
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- The wide write functions — [fwprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fprintf-fprintf-l-fwprintf-fwprintf-l.md), [fputwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md), [fputws](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputs-fputws.md), [putwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/putc-putwc.md), [putwchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md), [vfwprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vfprintf-vfprintf-l-vfwprintf-vfwprintf-l.md), [vwprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vprintf-vprintf-l-vwprintf-vwprintf-l.md), and [wprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/printf-printf-l-wprintf-wprintf-l.md),
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- The wide write functions: [fwprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/fprintf-fprintf-l-fwprintf-fwprintf-l.md), [fputwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md), [fputws](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputs-fputws.md), [putwc](../c-runtime-library/reference/putc-putwc.md), [putwchar](../c-runtime-library/reference/fputc-fputwc.md), [vfwprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vfprintf-vfprintf-l-vfwprintf-vfwprintf-l.md), [vwprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/vprintf-vprintf-l-vwprintf-vwprintf-l.md), and [wprintf](../c-runtime-library/reference/printf-printf-l-wprintf-wprintf-l.md),
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The state diagram shows that you must call one of the position functions between most write and read operations:
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- You cannot call a read function if the last operation on the stream was a write.
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- You can't call a read function if the last operation on the stream was a write.
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- You cannot call a write function if the last operation on the stream was a read, unless that read operation set the end-of-file indicator.
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- You can't call a write function if the last operation on the stream was a read, unless that read operation set the end-of-file indicator.
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Finally, the state diagram shows that a position operation never decreases the number of valid function calls that can follow.
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‎docs/c-runtime-library/string-manipulation-crt.md‎

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# String Manipulation (CRT)
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These routines operate on null-terminated single-byte character, wide-character, and multibyte-character strings. Use the buffer-manipulation routines, described in [Buffer Manipulation](../c-runtime-library/buffer-manipulation.md), to work with character arrays that do not end with a `NULL` character.
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These routines operate on null-terminated single-byte character, wide-character, and multibyte-character strings. Use the buffer-manipulation routines, described in [Buffer Manipulation](../c-runtime-library/buffer-manipulation.md), to work with character arrays that don't end with a `NULL` character.
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|[`_strnextc`, `_wcsnextc`, `_mbsnextc`, `_mbsnextc_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/strnextc-wcsnextc-mbsnextc-mbsnextc-l.md)|Find next character in string|
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|[`_strninc`, `_wcsninc`, `_mbsninc`, `_mbsninc_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/strninc-wcsninc-mbsninc-mbsninc-l.md)|Advance string pointer by *n* characters|
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|[`_strspnp`, `_wcsspnp`, `_mbsspnp`, `_mbsspnp_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/strspnp-wcsspnp-mbsspnp-mbsspnp-l.md)|Return pointer to first character in given string that isn't in another given string|
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|[`_scprintf`, `_scprintf_l`, `_scwprintf`, `_scwprintf_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/scprintf-scprintf-l-scwprintf-scwprintf-l.md)|Return the number of characters in a formatted string|
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|[`_snscanf`, `_snscanf_l`, `_snwscanf`, `_snwscanf_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/snscanf-snscanf-l-snwscanf-snwscanf-l.md), [`_snscanf_s`, `_snscanf_s_l`, `_snwscanf_s`, `_snwscanf_s_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/snscanf-s-snscanf-s-l-snwscanf-s-snwscanf-s-l.md)|Read formatted data of a specified length from the standard input stream.|
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|[`sscanf`, `_sscanf_l`, `swscanf`, `_swscanf_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/sscanf-sscanf-l-swscanf-swscanf-l.md), [`sscanf_s`, `_sscanf_s_l`, `swscanf_s`, `_swscanf_s_l`](../c-runtime-library/reference/sscanf-s-sscanf-s-l-swscanf-s-swscanf-s-l.md)|Read formatted data of a specified length from the standard input stream.|

‎docs/c-runtime-library/text-and-binary-mode-file-i-o.md‎

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# Text and Binary Mode File I/O
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File I/O operations take place in one of two translation modes, *text* or *binary*, depending on the mode in which the file is opened. Data files are usually processed in text mode. To control the file translation mode, one can:
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File I/O operations take place in one of two translation modes, *text* or *binary*, depending on the mode in which the file is opened. Data files are often processed in text mode. To control the file translation mode, one can:
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- Retain the current default setting and specify the alternative mode only when you open selected files.
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