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• docs
  • assembler/masm
    • dot-model.md
  • atl-mfc-shared
    • allocating-and-releasing-memory-for-a-bstr.md
    • atl-mfc-concepts.md
    • avoidance-of-heap-contention.md
    • basic-cstring-operations.md
    • cfixedstringt-example-of-a-custom-string-manager.md
    • cstring-argument-passing.md
    • cstring-exception-cleanup.md
    • cstring-operations-relating-to-c-style-strings.md
    • cstring-semantics.md
    • current-time-automation-classes.md
    • date-and-time-automation-support.md
    • date-and-time-database-support.md
    • date-and-time-systemtime-support.md
    • date-and-time.md
    • date-type.md
    • elapsed-time-automation-classes.md
    • elapsed-time-general-purpose-classes.md
    • exporting-string-classes-using-cstringt.md
    • formatting-time-automation-classes.md
    • formatting-time-values-general-purpose-classes.md
    • implementation-of-a-custom-string-manager-advanced-method.md
    • implementation-of-a-custom-string-manager-basic-method.md
    • memory-management-with-cstringt.md
    • reference
      • cfiletime-class.md
      • cfiletimespan-class.md
      • cfixedstringt-class.md
      • cimage-class.md
      • classes-shared-by-mfc-and-atl.md
      • coledatetime-class.md
      • coledatetimespan-class.md
      • cpoint-class.md
      • crect-class.md
      • csimplestringt-class.md
      • csize-class.md
      • cstrbuft-class.md
      • cstringdata-class.md
      • cstringt-class.md
      • ctime-class.md
      • ctimespan-class.md
      • iatlstringmgr-class.md
    • string-data-management.md
    • strings-atl-mfc.md
    • unicode-and-multibyte-character-set-mbcs-support.md
    • using-cstring.md
    • using-cstringt.md
  • build
    • how-to-organize-project-output-files-for-builds.md
    • open-folder-projects-cpp.md
    • reference
      • advanced-manifest-tool.md
      • atl-program-or-control-source-and-header-files.md
      • c-visual-cpp.md
      • command-line-property-pages.md
      • compiler-options-listed-by-category.md
      • custom-build-step-property-page-general.md
      • delimiters-for-visual-cpp-documentation-tags.md
      • dot-xml-file-processing.md
      • example-visual-cpp.md
      • exception-visual-cpp.md
      • general-manifest-tool-configuration-properties.md
      • help-files-html-help.md
      • help-files-winhelp.md
      • hint-files.md
      • hlsl-property-pages-advanced.md
      • hlsl-property-pages-general.md
      • hlsl-property-pages-output-files.md
      • hlsl-property-pages.md
      • include-visual-cpp.md
      • input-and-output-manifest-tool.md
      • isolated-com-manifest-tool.md
      • list-visual-cpp.md
      • managed-resources-property-page.md
      • manifest-tool-property-pages.md
      • mfc-program-or-control-source-and-header-files.md
      • midl-property-pages-advanced.md
      • midl-property-pages-general.md
      • midl-property-pages-output.md
      • midl-property-pages.md
      • nmake-property-page.md
      • param-visual-cpp.md
      • paramref-visual-cpp.md
      • permission-visual-cpp.md
      • project-and-solution-files.md
      • project-files.md
      • remarks-visual-cpp.md
      • resource-files-cpp.md
      • resources-property-pages.md
      • returns-visual-cpp.md
      • see-visual-cpp.md
      • seealso-visual-cpp.md
      • summary-visual-cpp.md
      • using-visual-cpp-add-new-item-templates.md
      • value-visual-cpp.md
      • web-references-property-page.md
      • xdcmake-reference.md
      • xml-data-generator-tool-property-page.md
      • xml-document-generator-tool-property-pages.md
      • xml-documentation-visual-cpp.md
      • zm-specify-precompiled-header-memory-allocation-limit.md
    • troubleshooting-build-customizations.md
  • c-runtime-library
    • 32-bit-windows-time-date-formats.md
    • a-sample-generic-text-program.md
    • abnormal-termination.md
    • acmdln-tcmdln-wcmdln.md
    • ansi-c-compliance.md
    • argc-argv-wargv.md
    • backward-compatibility.md
    • bufsiz.md
    • byte-and-wide-streams.md
    • cgets-cgetws.md
    • character-classification.md
    • ciatan.md
    • ciatan2.md
    • ciexp.md
    • cifmod.md
    • cilog.md
    • cilog10.md
    • cipow.md
    • cisqrt.md
    • clocks-per-sec-clk-tck.md
    • code-pages.md
    • commit-to-disk-constants.md
    • console-and-port-i-o.md
    • constant-and-global-variable-mappings.md
    • control-flags.md
    • controlling-streams.md
    • crt-disable-perfcrit-locks.md
    • crt-initialization.md
    • crtdbg-map-alloc.md
    • crtdbgflag.md
    • data-alignment.md
    • data-type-mappings.md
    • daylight-dstbias-timezone-and-tzname.md
    • debug.md
    • direction-flag.md
    • directory-control.md
    • dllonexit.md
    • environ-wenviron.md
    • environmental-constants.md
    • eof-weof.md
    • errno-constants.md
    • errno-doserrno-sys-errlist-and-sys-nerr.md
    • except-handler3.md
    • exception-handling-constants.md
    • exception-handling-routines.md
    • exec-wexec-functions.md
    • execute-onexit-table-initialize-onexit-table-register-onexit-function.md
    • file-attribute-constants.md
    • file-constants.md
    • file-handling.md
    • file-permission-constants.md
    • file-read-write-access-constants.md
    • file-translation-constants.md
    • filename-max.md
    • filename-search-functions.md
    • files-and-streams.md
    • fmode.md
    • fopen-max-sys-open.md
    • format-specification-fields-scanf-and-wscanf-functions.md
    • format-specification-syntax-printf-and-wprintf-functions.md
    • freeentry-usedentry.md
    • fseek-lseek-constants.md
    • generic-text-mappings.md
    • get-output-format.md
    • gets-getws.md
    • global-constants.md
    • global-variables-and-standard-types.md
    • global-variables.md
    • heap-constants.md
    • heap-maxreq.md
    • heapadd.md
    • heapset.md
    • huge-val-huge.md
    • inp-inpw-inpd.md
    • input-and-output.md
    • internal-crt-globals-and-functions.md
    • internationalization.md
    • interpretation-of-multibyte-character-sequences.md
    • iob.md
    • is-isw-routines.md
    • ismbb-routines.md
    • ismbc-routines.md
    • iso646-operators.md
    • lc-codepage-func.md
    • lc-collate-cp-func.md
    • lc-locale-name-func.md
    • local-unwind2.md
    • locale-categories.md
    • locale.md
    • lock.md
    • locking-constants.md
    • low-level-i-o.md
    • math-constants.md
    • math-error-constants.md
    • max-env.md
    • mb-cur-max-func-mb-cur-max-l-func-p-mb-cur-max-mb-cur-max.md
    • mb-cur-max.md
    • memory-allocation.md
    • multithreaded-libraries-performance.md
    • nolock-functions.md
    • null-crt.md
    • operator-delete-crt.md
    • operator-new-crt.md
    • outp-outpw-outpd.md
    • parameter-validation.md
    • pctype-func.md
    • pctype-pwctype-wctype-mbctype-mbcasemap.md
    • pgmptr-wpgmptr.md
    • potential-errors-passing-crt-objects-across-dll-boundaries.md
    • printf-p-positional-parameters.md
    • process-and-environment-control.md
    • rand-max.md
    • recommendations-for-choosing-between-functions-and-macros.md
    • required-and-optional-header-files.md
    • robustness.md
    • routine-mappings.md
    • run-time-error-checking.md
    • sal-annotations.md
    • sbcs-and-mbcs-data-types.md
    • scanf-type-field-characters.md
    • scanf-width-specification.md
    • searching-and-sorting.md
    • secure-template-overloads.md
    • security-enhanced-versions-of-crt-functions.md
    • security-features-in-the-crt.md
    • set-app-type.md
    • set-output-format.md
    • setjmp3.md
    • setlc-active-func-unguarded-readlc-active-add-func.md
    • setvbuf-constants.md
    • sharing-constants.md
    • signal-action-constants.md
    • signal-constants.md
    • single-byte-and-multibyte-character-sets.md
    • spawn-constants.md
    • spawn-wspawn-functions.md
    • standard-types.md
    • stat-structure-st-mode-field-constants.md
    • stdin-stdout-stderr.md
    • strcoll-functions.md
    • stream-i-o.md
    • stream-states.md
    • string-manipulation-crt.md
    • string-to-numeric-value-functions.md
    • system-calls.md
    • text-and-binary-mode-file-i-o.md
    • text-and-binary-streams.md
    • time-management.md
    • tmp-max-l-tmpnam.md
    • to-functions.md
    • translation-mode-constants.md
    • truncate.md
    • type-checking-crt.md
    • tzname-max.md
    • unicode-stream-i-o-in-text-and-binary-modes.md
    • unicode-the-wide-character-set.md
    • unix.md
    • unlock.md
    • using-generic-text-mappings.md
    • using-tchar-h-data-types-with-mbcs.md
    • vprintf-functions.md
    • wait-child-wait-grandchild.md
    • wchar-max.md
    • wchar-min.md
    • windows-runtime-unsupported-crt-functions.md
    • windows-store-apps-the-windows-runtime-and-the-c-run-time.md
  • cppcx
    • array-and-writeonlyarray-c-cx.md
    • attributes-c-cx.md
    • back-inserter-function.md
    • begin-function.md
    • boxing-c-cx.md
    • clr-integration-c-cx.md
    • collections-c-cx.md
    • compiler-and-linker-options-c-cx.md
    • default-namespace.md
    • default-type-name-equals-method.md
    • default-type-name-gethashcode-method.md
    • default-type-name-gettype-method.md
    • default-type-name-tostring-method.md
    • delegates-c-cx.md
    • deprecating-types-and-members-c-cx.md
    • end-function.md
    • enums-c-cx.md
    • events-c-cx.md
    • fundamental-types-c-cx.md
    • interfaces-c-cx.md
    • namespaces-and-type-visibility-c-cx.md
    • namespaces-reference-c-cx.md
    • operator-type-hat.md
    • operator-windows-ui-xaml-interop-typename.md
    • partial-classes-c-cx.md
    • platform-accessdeniedexception-class.md
    • platform-agile-class.md
    • platform-array-class.md
    • platform-arrayreference-class.md
    • platform-boolean-value-class.md
    • platform-box-class.md
    • platform-changedstateexception-class.md
    • platform-classnotregisteredexception-class.md
    • platform-collections-backinsertiterator-class.md
    • platform-collections-details-namespace.md
    • platform-collections-inputiterator-class.md
    • platform-collections-map-class.md
    • platform-collections-mapview-class.md
    • platform-collections-unorderedmapview-class.md
    • platform-collections-vector-class.md
    • platform-collections-vectoriterator-class.md
    • platform-collections-vectorview-class.md
    • platform-collections-vectorviewiterator-class.md
    • platform-comexception-class.md
    • platform-delegate-class.md
    • platform-details-console-class.md
    • platform-details-guid-struct.md
    • platform-details-heap-class.md
    • platform-details-heapallocationtrackinglevel-enumeration.md
    • platform-details-heapentryhandler-delegate.md
    • platform-details-iequatable-interface.md
    • platform-details-iprintable-interface.md
    • platform-details-namespace.md
    • platform-disconnectedexception-class.md
    • platform-enum-class.md
    • platform-exception-class.md
    • platform-failureexception-class.md
    • platform-guid-value-class.md
    • platform-ibox-interface.md
    • platform-iboxarray-interface.md
    • platform-intptr-value-class.md
    • platform-invalidargumentexception-class.md
    • platform-invalidcastexception-class.md
    • platform-ivaluetype-interface.md
    • platform-metadata-attribute-attribute.md
    • platform-metadata-defaultmemberattribute-attribute.md
    • platform-metadata-flagsattribute-attribute.md
    • platform-metadata-namespace.md
    • platform-metadata-runtimeclassname.md
    • platform-mtathreadattribute-class.md
    • platform-namespace-c-cx.md
    • platform-notimplementedexception-class.md
    • platform-nullreferenceexception-class.md
    • platform-object-class.md
    • platform-objectdisposedexception-class.md
    • platform-operationcanceledexception-class.md
    • platform-outofboundsexception-class.md
    • platform-outofmemoryexception-class.md
    • platform-runtime-compilerservices-namespace.md
    • platform-runtime-interopservices-namespace.md
    • platform-sizet-value-class.md
    • platform-stathreadattribute-class.md
    • platform-string-class.md
    • platform-stringreference-class.md
    • platform-type-class.md
    • platform-uintptr-value-class.md
    • platform-valuetype-class.md
    • platform-weakreference-class.md
    • platform-writeonlyarray-class.md
    • platform-wrongthreadexception-class.md
    • properties-c-cx.md
    • quick-reference-c-cx.md
    • ref-classes-and-structs-c-cx.md
    • static-libraries-c-cx.md
    • strings-c-cx.md
    • template-ref-classes-c-cx.md
    • threading-and-marshaling-c-cx.md
    • to-vector-function.md
    • type-system-c-cx.md
    • value-classes-and-structs-c-cx.md
    • weak-references-and-breaking-cycles-c-cx.md
    • windows-foundation-collections-namespace-c-cx.md
  • cpp
    • TOC.md
    • member-access-control-cpp.md
    • microsoft-specific-modifiers.md
    • noinline.md
    • variant-t-member-functions.md
  • dotnet
    • auto-gcroot.md
    • auto-handle.md
    • avoiding-exceptions-on-clr-shutdown-when-consuming-com-objects-built-with-clr.md
    • basic-concepts-in-using-managed-exceptions.md
    • calling-functions-in-a-specific-application-domain.md
    • calling-native-functions-from-managed-code.md
    • cliext-namespace.md
    • com-ptr.md
    • cpp-stack-semantics-for-reference-types.md
    • create-a-partially-trusted-application.md
    • data-access-using-adonet-cpp-cli.md
    • debug-class-cpp-cli.md
    • differences-in-exception-handling-behavior-under-clr.md
    • dotnet-programming-with-cpp-cli-visual-cpp.md
    • double-thunking-cpp.md
    • file-handling-and-i-o-cpp-cli.md
    • finally.md
    • for-each-in.md
    • friend-assemblies-cpp.md
    • graphics-operations-cpp-cli.md
    • hosting-a-windows-form-user-control-as-an-mfc-dialog-box.md
    • hosting-a-windows-form-user-control-in-an-mfc-dialog-box.md
    • hosting-a-windows-forms-user-control-as-an-mfc-view.md
    • how-to-access-characters-in-a-system-string.md
    • how-to-add-command-routing-to-the-windows-forms-control.md
    • how-to-add-native-dll-to-global-assembly-cache.md
    • how-to-call-native-dlls-from-managed-code-using-pinvoke.md
    • how-to-call-properties-and-methods-of-the-windows-forms-control.md
    • how-to-catch-exceptions-in-native-code-thrown-from-msil.md
    • how-to-compile-mfc-and-atl-code-by-using-clr.md
    • how-to-convert-between-system-guid-and-guid.md
    • how-to-convert-char-star-string-to-system-byte-array.md
    • how-to-convert-from-a-dotnet-collection-to-a-stl-clr-container.md
    • how-to-convert-from-a-stl-clr-container-to-a-dotnet-collection.md
    • how-to-convert-standard-string-to-system-string.md
    • how-to-convert-system-string-to-standard-string.md
    • how-to-convert-system-string-to-wchar-t-star-or-char-star.md
    • how-to-create-clr-console-applications-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-create-clr-empty-projects.md
    • how-to-create-the-user-control-and-host-in-a-dialog-box.md
    • how-to-create-the-user-control-and-host-mdi-view.md
    • how-to-declare-handles-in-native-types.md
    • how-to-declare-override-specifiers-in-native-compilations-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-define-an-interface-static-constructor-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-define-and-consume-classes-and-structs-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-define-and-consume-enums-in-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-define-and-install-a-global-exception-handler.md
    • how-to-define-and-use-delegates-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-detect-clr-compilation.md
    • how-to-determine-if-an-image-is-native-or-clr.md
    • how-to-do-ddx-ddv-data-binding-with-windows-forms.md
    • how-to-explicitly-request-boxing.md
    • how-to-expose-an-stl-clr-container-from-an-assembly.md
    • how-to-extend-the-marshaling-library.md
    • how-to-hold-object-reference-in-unmanaged-memory.md
    • how-to-hold-reference-to-value-type-in-native-type.md
    • how-to-load-unmanaged-resources-into-a-byte-array.md
    • how-to-marshal-ansi-strings-using-cpp-interop.md
    • how-to-marshal-arrays-using-cpp-interop.md
    • how-to-marshal-arrays-using-pinvoke.md
    • how-to-marshal-callbacks-and-delegates-by-using-cpp-interop.md
    • how-to-marshal-com-strings-using-cpp-interop.md
    • how-to-marshal-embedded-pointers-using-cpp-interop.md
    • how-to-marshal-embedded-pointers-using-pinvoke.md
    • how-to-marshal-function-pointers-using-pinvoke.md
    • how-to-marshal-strings-using-pinvoke.md
    • how-to-marshal-structures-using-cpp-interop.md
    • how-to-marshal-structures-using-pinvoke.md
    • how-to-marshal-unicode-strings-using-cpp-interop.md
    • how-to-migrate-to-clr.md
    • how-to-modify-reference-class-in-a-native-function.md
    • how-to-obtain-a-pointer-to-byte-array.md
    • how-to-sink-windows-forms-events-from-native-cpp-classes.md
    • how-to-specify-an-out-parameter.md
    • how-to-unbox.md
    • how-to-use-a-native-type-in-a-clr-compilation.md
    • how-to-use-arrays-in-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-use-events-in-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-use-gcnew-to-create-value-types-and-use-implicit-boxing.md
    • how-to-use-properties-in-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-use-safe-cast-in-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-use-tracking-references-in-cpp-cli.md
    • how-to-wrap-native-class-for-use-by-csharp.md
    • initonly-cpp-cli.md
    • interoperability-with-other-dotnet-languages-cpp-cli.md
    • lock-when-enum.md
    • lock.md
    • managed-types-cpp-cli.md
    • marshal-as.md
    • msclr-namespace.md
    • native-and-dotnet-interoperability.md
    • overview-of-marshaling-in-cpp.md
    • performance-considerations-for-interop-cpp.md
    • pure-and-verifiable-code-cpp-cli.md
    • regular-expressions-cpp-cli.md
    • requirements-for-stl-clr-container-elements.md
    • resource-management-classes.md
    • serialization-cpp-cli.md
    • standard-conversions-and-implicit-boxing.md
    • stl-clr-containers.md
    • stl-clr-library-reference.md
    • strong-name-assemblies-assembly-signing-cpp-cli.md
    • swap-function-auto-gcroot.md
    • swap-function-auto-handle.md
    • synchronization-lock-class.md
    • user-defined-conversions-cpp-cli.md
    • user-defined-operators-cpp-cli.md
    • using-explicit-pinvoke-in-cpp-dllimport-attribute.md
    • using-verifiable-assemblies-with-sql-server-cpp-cli.md
    • walkthrough-compiling-a-cpp-program-that-targets-the-clr-in-visual-studio.md
    • windows-forms-mfc-programming-differences.md
    • windows-operations-cpp-cli.md
  • error-messages
    • compiler-errors-1
      • fatal-error-c1076.md
    • compiler-errors-2
      • compiler-error-c3859.md
  • how-to-report-a-problem-with-the-visual-cpp-toolset.md
  • ide
    • adding-functionality-with-code-wizards-cpp.md
    • choosing-a-deployment-method.md
    • clickonce-deployment-for-visual-cpp-applications.md
    • deploying-visual-cpp-application-by-using-the-vcpp-redistributable-package.md
    • deployment-concepts.md
    • deployment-examples.md
    • determining-which-dlls-to-redistribute.md
    • preparing-a-test-machine-to-run-a-debug-executable.md
    • redistributing-an-atl-application.md
    • redistributing-components-by-using-merge-modules.md
    • redistributing-the-mfc-library.md
    • redistributing-visual-cpp-activex-controls.md
    • redistributing-web-client-applications.md
    • running-a-cpp-clr-application-on-a-previous-runtime-version.md
    • understanding-the-dependencies-of-a-visual-cpp-application.md
    • visual-cpp-tools-and-features-in-visual-studio-editions.md
    • walkthrough-building-a-project-cpp.md
    • walkthrough-debugging-a-project-cpp.md
    • walkthrough-deploying-a-visual-cpp-application-by-using-a-setup-project.md
    • walkthrough-deploying-a-visual-cpp-application-to-an-application-local-folder.md
    • walkthrough-deploying-your-program-cpp.md
    • walkthrough-testing-a-project-cpp.md
  • linux
    • cmake-linux-project.md
    • configure-a-linux-project.md
    • create-a-new-linux-project.md
    • download-install-and-setup-the-linux-development-workload.md
  • mfc
    • mfc-internet-programming-basics.md
  • porting
    • binary-compat-2015-2017.md
    • how-to-use-existing-cpp-code-in-a-universal-windows-platform-app.md
    • introduction-to-visual-cpp-for-unix-users.md
    • modifying-winver-and-win32-winnt.md
    • porting-and-upgrading-examples-and-case-studies.md
    • porting-from-unix-to-win32.md
    • porting-guide-com-spy.md
    • porting-guide-mfc-scribble.md
    • porting-guide-spy-increment.md
    • porting-third-party-libraries.md
    • upgrade-your-code-to-the-universal-crt.md
    • upgrading-projects-from-earlier-versions-of-visual-cpp.md
    • use-native-multi-targeting.md
    • visual-cpp-change-history-2003-2015.md
    • visual-cpp-porting-and-upgrading-guide.md
    • visual-cpp-what-s-new-2003-through-2015.md
  • security
    • developer-guidance-speculative-execution.md
    • how-user-account-control-uac-affects-your-application.md
    • running-as-a-member-of-the-users-group.md
    • security-best-practices-for-cpp.md
  • standard-library
    • bad-alloc-class.md
    • cpp-standard-library-reference.md
    • equal-to-struct.md
    • normal-distribution-class.md
    • sample-container-classes.md
    • sample-container-operators.md
    • sample-container-specialized-template-functions.md
    • sample-container.md
    • shared-mutex.md
    • stdext-namespace.md
  • text
    • benefits-of-character-set-portability.md
    • buffer-overflow.md
    • byte-indices.md
    • character-assignment.md
    • character-comparison.md
    • general-mbcs-programming-advice.md
    • generic-text-mappings-in-tchar-h.md
    • how-to-convert-between-various-string-types.md
    • incrementing-and-decrementing-pointers.md
    • international-enabling.md
    • internationalization-strategies.md
    • last-character-in-a-string.md
    • locales-and-code-pages.md
    • mbcs-programming-tips.md
    • mbcs-support-in-visual-cpp.md
    • support-for-ansi.md
    • support-for-multibyte-character-sets-mbcss.md
    • support-for-using-wmain.md
    • unicode-and-mbcs.md
    • unicode-programming-summary.md
    • using-tchar-h-data-types-with-mbcs-code.md