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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/assembler/masm/dot-model.md
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---
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title: ".MODEL | Microsoft Docs"
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ms.custom: ""
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ms.date: "11/04/2016"
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ms.technology: ["cpp-masm"]
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ms.topic: "reference"
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f1_keywords: [".MODEL"]
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dev_langs: ["C++"]
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helpviewer_keywords: [".MODEL directive"]
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ms.assetid: 057f00df-1515-4c55-852a-d936c8a34b53
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author: "corob-msft"
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ms.author: "corob"
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ms.workload: ["cplusplus"]
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---
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title: ".MODEL | Microsoft Docs"
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ms.custom: ""
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ms.date: "11/04/2016"
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ms.technology: ["cpp-masm"]
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ms.topic: "reference"
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f1_keywords: [".MODEL"]
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dev_langs: ["C++"]
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helpviewer_keywords: [".MODEL directive"]
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ms.assetid: 057f00df-1515-4c55-852a-d936c8a34b53
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author: "corob-msft"
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ms.author: "corob"
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ms.workload: ["cplusplus"]
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---
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# .MODEL
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Initializes the program memory model.
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|`stackoption`|Not used|`NEARSTACK`, `FARSTACK`|
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## Code
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For MASM-related samples, download the Compiler samples from [Visual C++ Samples and Related Documentation for Visual Studio 2010](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=178749).
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For MASM-related samples, download the Compiler samples from [Visual C++ Samples](https://github.com/Microsoft/VCSamples) on GitHub.
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The following example demonstrates the use of the `.MODEL` directive.
The file attributes to set for the file. For more information, see [SetFileAttributesTransacted](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=158699).
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The file attributes to set for the file. For more information, see [SetFileAttributesTransacted](/windows/desktop/api/winbase/nf-winbase-setfileattributestransacteda).
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### Remarks
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This wrapper calls the `SetFileAttributesTransacted` function.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/build/freelibrary-and-afxfreelibrary.md
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ms.workload: ["cplusplus"]
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---
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# FreeLibrary and AfxFreeLibrary
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Processes that explicitly link to a DLL call the [FreeLibrary](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=259188) function when the DLL module is no longer needed. This function decrements the module's reference count and, if the reference count is zero, unmaps it from the address space of the process.
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Processes that explicitly link to a DLL call the [FreeLibrary](https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms683152(v=vs.85).aspx) function when the DLL module is no longer needed. This function decrements the module's reference count and, if the reference count is zero, unmaps it from the address space of the process.
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In an MFC application, use [AfxFreeLibrary](../mfc/reference/application-information-and-management.md#afxfreelibrary) instead of `FreeLibrary` to unload an MFC extension DLL. The interface (function prototype) for `AfxFreeLibrary` is the same as `FreeLibrary`.
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## See Also
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[DLLs in Visual C++](../build/dlls-in-visual-cpp.md)
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/build/how-to-integrate-custom-tools-into-the-project-properties.md
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The **Configuration Properties** section of the **Property Pages** window displays setting groups that are known as *rules*. Every rule contains the settings for a tool or a group of features. For example, the **Linker** rule contains the settings for the linker tool. The settings in a rule can be subdivided into *categories*.
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This document explains how to create a file in a set directory that contains properties for your custom tool so that the properties are loaded when Visual Studio starts. For information about how to modify the file, see [Platform Extensibilty Part 2](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=191489) on the Visual Studio Project Team blog.
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This document explains how to create a file in a set directory that contains properties for your custom tool so that the properties are loaded when Visual Studio starts. For information about how to modify the file, see [Platform Extensibilty Part 2](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vsproject/2009/06/18/platform-extensibility-part-2/) on the Visual Studio Project Team blog.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/build/how-to-modify-the-target-framework-and-platform-toolset.md
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> [!NOTE]
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> To change the target platform toolset, you must have the associated version of Visual Studio or the Windows Platform SDK installed. For example, to target the Itanium platform with the **Windows7.1SDK** platform toolset, you must have [Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4 SP1](http://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?id=8279) installed; however, you could use another compatible version of Visual Studio to do your development work, provided that you target the correct Framework version and platform toolset.
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You can extend the target platform further by creating a custom platform toolset. For more information, see [C++ Native Multi-Targeting](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=196619) on the Visual C++ blog.
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You can extend the target platform further by creating a custom platform toolset. For more information, see [C++ Native Multi-Targeting](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2009/12/08/c-native-multi-targeting/) on the Visual C++ blog.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/build/loadlibrary-and-afxloadlibrary.md
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# LoadLibrary and AfxLoadLibrary
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Processes call [LoadLibrary](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=259187)(or [AfxLoadLibrary](../mfc/reference/application-information-and-management.md#afxloadlibrary)) to explicitly link to a DLL. If the function succeeds, it maps the specified DLL into the address space of the calling process and returns a handle to the DLL that can be used with other functions in explicit linking—for example, `GetProcAddress` and `FreeLibrary`.
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Processes call [LoadLibraryExA](/windows/desktop/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibraryexa) or [LoadLibraryExW](/windows/desktop/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibraryexw)(or [AfxLoadLibrary](../mfc/reference/application-information-and-management.md#afxloadlibrary)) to explicitly link to a DLL. If the function succeeds, it maps the specified DLL into the address space of the calling process and returns a handle to the DLL that can be used with other functions in explicit linking—for example, `GetProcAddress` and `FreeLibrary`.
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`LoadLibrary` attempts to locate the DLL by using the same search sequence that is used for implicit linking. If the system cannot find the DLL or if the entry-point function returns FALSE, `LoadLibrary` returns NULL. If the call to `LoadLibrary` specifies a DLL module that is already mapped into the address space of the calling process, the function returns a handle of the DLL and increments the reference count of the module.
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## See also
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-[DLLs in Visual C++](../build/dlls-in-visual-cpp.md)
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/build/reference/clr-common-language-runtime-compilation.md
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Before Visual C++ 2005, **/clr:noAssembly** required **/LD**. **/LD** is now implied when you specify **/clr:noAssembly**.
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**/clr:initialAppDomain**
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Enables a Visual C++ application to run on version 1 of the CLR. If you use **initialAppDomain**, then you may see some of the problems that are discussed in [BUG: AppDomainUnloaded exception when you use managed extensions for Visual C++ components](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=169465) on the Microsoft Support Web site.
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An application that is compiled by using **initialAppDomain** should not be used by an application that uses ASP.NET because it is not supported in version 1 of the CLR.
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Enables a Visual C++ application to run on version 1 of the CLR. An application that is compiled by using **initialAppDomain** should not be used by an application that uses ASP.NET because it is not supported in version 1 of the CLR.
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**/clr:nostdlib**
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Instructs the compiler to ignore the default \clr directory. The compiler produces errors if you are including multiple versions of a DLL such as System.dll. Using this option lets you specify the specific framework to use during compilation.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/build/reference/debugtype-debug-info-options.md
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## Remarks
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Use the **/DEBUGTYPE** option to specify inclusion of relocation table data or .pdata and .xdata header information in the debugging stream. This causes the linker to include information about user-mode code that is visible in a kernel debugger when breaking in kernel-mode code. To make debugging symbols available when **FIXUP** is specified, include the **CV** argument.
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To debug code in user mode, which is typical for applications, the **/DEBUGTYPE** option isn't needed. By default, the compiler switches that specify debugging output ([/Z7, /Zi, /ZI](../../build/reference/z7-zi-zi-debug-information-format.md)) emit all the information needed by the Visual Studio debugger. Use **/DEBUGTYPE:PDATA** or **/DEBUGTYPE:CV,PDATA,FIXUP** to debug code that combines user-mode and kernel-mode components, such as a configuration app for a device driver. For more information about kernel mode debuggers, see [Debugging Tools for Windows (WinDbg, KD, CDB, NTSD)](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p?LinkID=285651)
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To debug code in user mode, which is typical for applications, the **/DEBUGTYPE** option isn't needed. By default, the compiler switches that specify debugging output ([/Z7, /Zi, /ZI](../../build/reference/z7-zi-zi-debug-information-format.md)) emit all the information needed by the Visual Studio debugger. Use **/DEBUGTYPE:PDATA** or **/DEBUGTYPE:CV,PDATA,FIXUP** to debug code that combines user-mode and kernel-mode components, such as a configuration app for a device driver. For more information about kernel mode debuggers, see [Debugging Tools for Windows (WinDbg, KD, CDB, NTSD)](/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/index)
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/build/reference/dependentloadflag.md
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|-|-|
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*loadflags*|An optional "C"-style 16-bit integer value in decimal, octal with a leading zero, or hexadecimal with a leading `0x`, that specifies the dependent load flags to apply to all [LoadLibrary](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=259187) calls. The default value is 0.
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*loadflags*|An optional "C"-style 16-bit integer value in decimal, octal with a leading zero, or hexadecimal with a leading `0x`, that specifies the dependent load flags to apply to all [LoadLibrary](/windows/desktop/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibraryexa) calls. The default value is 0.
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## Remarks
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This option is new in Visual Studio 2017, and applies only to apps running on Windows 10 RS1 and later versions. This option is ignored by other operating systems that run the app.
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On supported operating systems, this option has the effect of changing calls to `LoadLibrary("dependent.dll")` to the equivalent of `LoadLibraryEx("dependent.dll", 0, loadflags)`. Calls to [LoadLibraryEx](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=236091) are unaffected. This option does not apply recursively to DLLs loaded by your app.
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On supported operating systems, this option has the effect of changing calls to `LoadLibrary("dependent.dll")` to the equivalent of `LoadLibraryEx("dependent.dll", 0, loadflags)`. Calls to [LoadLibraryEx](/windows/desktop/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibraryexa) are unaffected. This option does not apply recursively to DLLs loaded by your app.
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This flag can be used to prevent DLL planting attacks. For example, if an app uses `LoadLibrary` to load a dependent DLL, an attacker could plant a DLL with the same name in the search path used by `LoadLibrary`, such as the current directory, which may be checked before system directories if safe DLL search mode is disabled. Safe DLL search mode places the user's current directory later in the search order, and is enabled by default on Windows XP SP2 and later versions. For more information, see [Dynamic-Link Library Search Order](/windows/desktop/Dlls/dynamic-link-library-search-order).
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If you specify the link option `/DEPENDENTLOADFLAG:0xA00` (the value of the combined flags `LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_APPLICATION_DIR | LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32`), then even if safe DLL search mode is disabled on the user's computer, the DLL search path is limited to protected directories that are more difficult for an attacker to change. For information on the flags available, and their symbolic and numeric values, see the *dwFlags* parameter description in [LoadLibraryEx](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=236091).
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If you specify the link option `/DEPENDENTLOADFLAG:0xA00` (the value of the combined flags `LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_APPLICATION_DIR | LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32`), then even if safe DLL search mode is disabled on the user's computer, the DLL search path is limited to protected directories that are more difficult for an attacker to change. For information on the flags available, and their symbolic and numeric values, see the *dwFlags* parameter description in [LoadLibraryEx](/windows/desktop/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibraryexa).
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### To set the DEPENDENTLOADFLAG linker option in the Visual Studio development environment
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-[Linker Options](linker-options.md)
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-[How to link implicitly to a DLL](../linking-an-executable-to-a-dll.md#linking-implicitly)
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-[Determine which linking method to use](../linking-an-executable-to-a-dll.md#determining-which-linking-method-to-use)
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