future: clean single-source support for Python 3 and 2

Overview

future is the missing compatibility layer between Python 3 and Python 2. It allows you to maintain a single, clean Python 3.x-compatible codebase with minimal cruft and run it easily on Python 2 without further modification.

Features

backports or remappings for 15 builtins with different semantics on Py3 versus Py2
supports the reorganized Py3 standard library interface
220+ unit tests
clean on Py3: future imports and decorators have no effect on Py3 (and no namespace pollution)
futurize script for automatic conversion from either Py2 or Py3 to a clean single-source codebase compatible with both Py3 and Py2
a consistent set of utility functions and decorators selected from Py2/3 compatibility interfaces from projects like six, IPython, Jinja2, Django, and Pandas.

Code examples

future is designed to be imported at the top of each Python module together with Python's built-in __future__ module like this:

from __future__ import (absolute_import, division,
                        print_function, unicode_literals)
from future import standard_library
from future.builtins import *

followed by standard Python 3 code. The imports allow this code to run unchanged on Python 3 and Python 2.7.

For example, after these imports, this code runs identically on Python 3 and 2.7:

# Support for renamed standard library modules via import hooks
from http.client import HttpConnection
from itertools import filterfalse
import html.parser
import queue

# Backported Py3 bytes object
b = bytes(b'ABCD')
assert list(b) == [65, 66, 67, 68]
assert repr(b) == "b'ABCD'"
# These raise TypeErrors:
# b + u'EFGH'
# bytes(b',').join([u'Fred', u'Bill'])

# Backported Py3 str object
s = str(u'ABCD')
assert s != b'ABCD'
assert isinstance(s.encode('utf-8'), bytes)
assert isinstance(b.decode('utf-8'), str)
assert repr(s) == 'ABCD'      # consistent repr with Py3 (no u prefix)
# These raise TypeErrors:
# b'B' in s
# s.find(b'A')

# Common gotchas in Py3/2 str/bytes compatibility are addressed:
assert bytes(b'') != str('')

# Extra arguments for the open() function
f = open('japanese.txt', encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')

# New iterable range object with slicing support
for i in range(10**15)[:10]:
    pass

# Other iterators: map, zip, filter
my_iter = zip(range(3), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
assert my_iter != list(my_iter)

# New simpler super() function:
class VerboseList(list):
    def append(self, item):
        print('Adding an item')
        super().append(item)

# The round() function behaves as it does in Python 3, using
# "Banker's Rounding" to the nearest even last digit:
assert round(0.1250, 2) == 0.12

# input() replaces Py2's raw_input() (with no eval()):
name = input('What is your name? ')
print('Hello ' + name)

# To disable obsolete Py2 builtins removed from Py3, use this:
from future.builtins.disabled import *
# Then these raise NameErrors on both Py2 and Py3:
# apply(), cmp(), coerce(), reduce(), xrange(), etc.

Documentation

See http://python-future.org

Credits

Author:	Ed Schofield
Sponsor:	Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia, and Python Charmers Pte Ltd, Singapore. http://pythoncharmers.com
Others:	The backported `super()` and `range()` functions are derived from Ryan Kelly's `magicsuper` module and Dan Crosta's `xrange` module. The `futurize` script uses `lib2to3`, `lib3to2`, and parts of Armin Ronacher's `python-modernize` code. The `python_2_unicode_compatible` decorator is from Django. The `implements_iterator` and `with_metaclass` decorators are from Jinja2. `future` incorporates the `six` module by Benjamin Peterson as `future.utils.six`. Documentation is generated using `sphinx` using an adaptation of Armin Ronacher's stylesheets from Jinja2.

Licensing

Copyright 2013 Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia. The software is distributed under an MIT licence. See LICENSE.txt.

License

Python-Repository-Hub/python-future

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