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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Matt Makai">
<meta name="description" content="Full Stack Python explains each layer of the web application stack, from the server up through the rendering in a user's browser.">
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<h1>Flask</h1>
<p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a> is a Python web framework built with a
<a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/design/">small core and easy-to-extend philosophy</a>.
<a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" style="border: none;"><img src="theme/img/flask.png" width="100%" alt="Official Flask logo. Flask Artwork License." class="technical-diagram" /></a></p>
<h2>Why is Flask a good web framework choice?</h2>
<p>Flask is considered more
<a href="http://blog.startifact.com/posts/older/what-is-pythonic.html">Pythonic</a>
than Django because Flask web application code is in most cases more explicit.
Flask is easy to get started with as a beginner because there is little
boilerplate code for getting a simple app up and running. </p>
<p>For example, here's a valid "hello world" web application with Flask (the
equivalent in Django would be significantly more code):</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">flask</span> <span class="n">import</span> <span class="n">Flask</span>
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Flask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="err">@</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sc">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">def</span> <span class="n">hello_world</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="err">'</span><span class="n">Hello</span> <span class="n">World</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="err">'</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="err">'</span><span class="n">__main__</span><span class="err">'</span><span class="o">:</span>
<span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Flask was also written several years after Django and therefore
learned from the Python community's reactions as the framework evolved.
Jökull Sólberg wrote a great piece articulating to this effect in his
<a href="http://jokull.calepin.co/my-flask-to-django-experience.html">experience switching between Flask and Django</a>.</p>
<h2>Flask resources</h2>
<p>The 18-part Flask mega tutorial is an absolutely amazing starting
resource for using the Flask framework. Yes, there are a lot of posts in
the series. However, each post is focused on a single topic to contain
the complexity while the reader is learning the framework. The whole
series is well worth an in-depth read-through. The
<a href="https://twitter.com/miguelgrinberg">author</a> is also wrote the new
<a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920031116.do">O'Reilly Flask Web Development</a>
book which is an excellent learning resource.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-i-hello-world">Part 1: Hello World</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ii-templates">Part 2: Templates</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iii-web-forms">Part 3: Web Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iv-database">Part 4: Database</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-v-user-logins">Part 5: User Logins</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vi-profile-page-and-avatars">Part 6: Profile Page and Avatars</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vii-unit-testing">Part 7: Unit Testing</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-viii-followers-contacts-and-friends">Part 8: Followers, Contacts, and Friends</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ix-pagination">Part 9: Pagination</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-x-full-text-search">Part 10: Full Text Search</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xi-email-support">Part 11: Email Support</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xii-facelift">Part 12: Facelift</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiii-dates-and-times">Part 13: Dates and Times</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiv-i18n-and-l10n">Part 14: I18n and L10n</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xv-ajax">Part 15: Ajax</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvi-debugging-testing-and-profiling">Part 16: Debugging, Testing and Profiling</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvii-deployment-on-linux-even-on-the-raspberry-pi">Part 17: Deployment on Linux</a></li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xviii-deployment-on-the-heroku-cloud">Part 18: Deployment on the Heroku Cloud</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you're looking for a fun introduction to Flask and WebSockets, check out
my blog post on creating
<a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/11/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations-with-reveal-js-python-and-websockets.html">Choose Your Own Adventure Presentations with Reveal.js, Python and WebSockets</a>.
That post is my favorite technical walkthrough I've written to date. There
is also a companion open source
<a href="https://github.com/makaimc/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations">GitHub repository</a>
for the app with tags for each step in the blog post.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/10/branded-mms-coupon-generation-with-python-and-twilio.html">Branded MMS Coupon Generation with Python and Twilio</a>
is a Flask tutorial I wrote for building a web application that can send
branded barcode coupons via MMS. The post goes through every step from
a blank directory until you have a working app that you can deploy to
Heroku.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.john.mayonvolcanosoftware.com/building-a-blog-using-flask-and-angularjs-part-1/">Building a blog using Flask and AngularJS Part 1</a>
is the first of a multipart series on working with Flask and an AngularJS
front end.
<a href="http://blog.john.mayonvolcanosoftware.com/building-a-blog-using-flask-and-angularjs-part-2/">Part 2</a> is also available
<a href="https://github.com/basco-johnkevin/building-a-blog-using-flask-and-angularjs">along with the source code</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/">The Flask Extensions Registry</a> is a
curated list of the best packages that extend Flask. It's the first location
to look through when you're wondering how to do something that's not in the
core framework.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://exploreflask.com/">Explore Flask</a> is a public domain book that
was previously backed on Kickstarter and cost money for about a year before
being open sourced. The book explains best practices and patterns for
building Flask apps.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Randall Degges wrote a detailed walkthrough for
<a href="https://stormpath.com/blog/build-a-flask-app-in-30-minutes/">building a Flask app in 30 minutes</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/saturday-morning-hacks-building-an-analytics-app-with-flask/">Building an Analytics App with Flask</a>
is a detailed walkthrough for collecting and analyzing webpage
analytics with your own Flask app.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Nice post by Jeff Knupp on <a href="http://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/01/29/productionizing-a-flask-application/">Productionizing a Flask App</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://maximebf.com/blog/2012/10/building-websites-in-python-with-flask/#.U06EZ-ZdW4J">Building Websites in Python with Flask</a>
is another walkthrough tutorial from first steps through
<a href="http://maximebf.com/blog/2012/11/getting-bigger-with-flask/">getting bigger with Flask</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Plank & Whittle blog has two posts, one on
<a href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-web-app/">Packaging a Flask web app</a>
and another on
<a href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-app-in-a-debian-package/">Packaging a Flask app in a Debian package</a>
once you've built an app and want to deploy it.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Tuts+ <a href="http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/an-introduction-to-pythons-flask-framework--net-28822">Flask tutorial</a>
is another great walkthrough for getting started with the framework.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app">Create Your Own Obnoxiously Simple Messaging App Just Like Yo</a>
is a silly walkthrough of very basic Flask web application that uses
<a href="https://www.nitrous.io/">Nitrous.io</a> to get started and
<a href="https://www.twilio.com/">Twilio</a> for SMS.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-part-1-project-setup/">Flask by Example: Part 1</a>
shows the basic first steps for setting up a Flask project.
<a href="http://www.realpython.com/blog/flask-by-example-part-2-postgres-sqlalchemy-and-alembic/">Part 2</a>
explains how to use PostgreSQL, SQLAlchemy and Alembic.
<a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-part-3-text-processing-with-requests-beautifulsoup-nltk/">Part 3</a>
describes text processing with BeautifulSoup and NLTK.
<a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-implementing-a-redis-task-queue/">Part 4</a>
shows how to build a task queue with Flask and Redis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Along with the above FLask by Example series, there's also a
<a href="https://github.com/realpython/discover-flask">Discover Flask</a> series of
videos. The GitHub repo contains the code and the 25+ videos are hosted
on YouTube.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-structure-large-flask-applications">How to Structure Large Flask Applications</a>
covers a subject that comes up quickly once you begin adding significant
functionality to your Flask application.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/video-streaming-with-flask">Video streaming with Flask</a>
is another fantastic tutorial by Miguel Grinberg that covers video
streaming.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>"<a href="https://medium.com/@5hreyans/the-one-weird-trick-that-cut-our-flask-page-load-time-by-70-87145335f679">One line of code cut our Flask page load times by 60%</a>
is an important note about optimizing Flask template cache size to
dramatically increase performance in some cases.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/03/unit-testing-your-twilio-app-using-pythons-flask-and-nose.html">Unit Testing Your Twilio App Using Python’s Flask and Nose</a>
covers integrating the Twilio API into a Flask application and how to test
that functionality with <a href="https://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">nose</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Flask documentation has some quick examples for how to deploy Flask
with
<a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/deploying/wsgi-standalone/">standalone WSGI containers</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Open source Flask example projects</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microblog">Microblog</a> is the companion
open source project that goes along with Miguel Grinberg's O'Reilly Flask
book.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/JackStouffer/Flask-Foundation">Flask Foundation</a> is a
starting point for new Flask projects. There's also a
<a href="https://jackstouffer.github.io/Flask-Foundation/">companion website</a> for
the project that explains what extensions the base project includes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/sloria/cookiecutter-flask">Cookiecutter Flask</a> is a project
template for use with <a href="https://github.com/audreyr/cookiecutter">Cookiecutter</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/mjhea0/flaskr-tdd">Flaskr TDD</a> takes the official Flask
tutorial and adds test driven development and JQuery to the project. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use the <a href="https://github.com/kamalgill/flask-appengine-template">Flask App Engine Template</a>
for getting set up on Google App Engine with Flask.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Here is a
<a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/saturday-morning-hack-a-little-note-taking-app-with-flask/">note-taking app</a>
along with the
<a href="https://gist.github.com/coleifer/632d3c9aa6b2ea519384">source code in Gists</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/BouncyNudibranch/bean-counter">Bean Counter</a> is an
open source Flask app for tracking coffee.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://flaskbb.org/">FlaskBB</a> is a Flask app for a discussion forum.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Flask framework learning checklist</h2>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
<a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/installation/">Install Flask</a> on
your local development machine.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Work through the 18-part Flask tutorial listed first under "Flask resources"
below.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Read through <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/">Flask Extensions Registry</a>
to find out what extensions you'll need to build your project.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Start coding your Flask app based on what you learned from the 18 part
Flask tutorial plus open source example applications found below. </p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Move on to the <a href="/deployment.html">deployment section</a> to get your initial
Flask project on the web.</p>
<h3>What do you need to learn about web frameworks next?</h3>
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How do I deploy Flask web application when it's ready to go live?
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I'd like to go back to reviewing other web frameworks.
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The user interface looks terrible. How do I style my web app?
</p>
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How can I version and store my source code so I don't lose it?
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<a href="/">Full Stack Python</a> is an open book that explains
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Introduction</a>
<a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Frameworks</a>
<a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Django</a>
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<a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Best Python Resources</a>
<a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Development Environments</a>
<a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">About the Author</a>
<a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Change Log</a>
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