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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>NewtonScript</title>
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<h1>NewtonScript</h1>
<p><em>NewtonScript</em> is an object-oriented programming language developed by <a href="http://waltersmith.us/">Walter Smith</a> for <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple</a> for the Newton OS running on their MessagePad & eMate hardware. It borrows concepts from the Smalltalk, LISP, and Self programming languages with special consideration for a low memory footprint (esp. differential inheritance). In 2003 a NewtonScript interpreter, <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a> was developed by Makoto Nukui allowing for its use on other platforms.</p>
<p>Here you’ll find information about the language, available <a href="#tools">development tools</a> for various platforms, and <a href="#docs">programming reference materials</a>.</p>
<h2><a id="tools">Development Tools</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt><a id="dashboard" href="http://www.fivespeedsoftware.com/dashboard/"><img src="img/icons/dashboard-32x32.gif" alt="" />Dashboard</a> (Newton OS; open source)</dt>
<dd>An alternate button bar, hierarchical menu, and scripting system (using NewtonScript) for Newton 2.1 OS by Five Speed Software. Source available on <a href="http://github.com/masonmark/Dash-Board-for-Newton-OS">GitHub</a>.</dd>
<dt><a id="dynetk" href="http://code.google.com/p/dynee5/"><img src="img/icons/dynetk-32x32.png" alt="" />DyneTK</a> (Linux, Mac OS X, Windows; open source)</dt>
<dd>A cross-platform IDE for Newton OS software development by Matthias Melcher. Built on <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a>.</dd>
<dt><a id="einstein" href="http://code.google.com/p/einstein/"><img src="img/icons/einstein-32x32.png" alt="" />Einstein</a> (Mac OS X, Linux, Windows, iOS, Android, ARM-Linux; open source)</dt>
<dd>A Newton OS 2.1 emulator by Paul Guyot. It includes a “Relativity” feature that allows NewtonScript to call native methods from the parent OS from within the Newton OS.</dd>
<dt><a id="minspector" href="http://www.fivespeedsoftware.com/minspector/">Minspector</a> (Newton OS; freeware)</dt>
<dd>A Newton OS 2.1 inspector by Five Speed Software.</dd>
<dt><a id="newt0" href="http://gnue.github.com/NEWT0">NEWT/0</a> (Mac OS X, Linux, FreeBSD, Windows, BeOS; open source)</dt>
<dd>A NewtonScript interpreter by Makoto Nukui.</dd>
<dt><a id="newtvim" href="http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=4589">newt.vim</a> (Vim; unknown license)</dt>
<dd>A cross-platform <a href="http://www.vim.org/">Vim</a> syntax highlighter for the NewtonScript language by Layána Ǩaynolj Konóvo.</dd>
<dt><a id="newtdevenv" href="http://communicrossings.com/html/newton/newtdev.htm"><img src="img/icons/newtdevenv-32x32.gif" alt="" />NewtDevEnv</a> (a.k.a. Newt; Newton OS; shareware)</dt>
<dd>A Newton OS 1.x & 2.x package by Steve Weyer that allows native NewtonScript development & package creation on a Newton OS device.</dd>
<dt><a id="newtonscriptmode" href="https://github.com/morgant/NewtonScriptMode"><img src="img/icons/subethaedit_mode-32x32.png" alt="" />NewtonScript Mode</a> (SubEthaEdit/Coda; open source)</dt>
<dd>A Mac OS X <a href="http://codingmonkeys.de/subethaedit/">SubEthaEdit</a>/<a href="http://panic.com/coda/">Coda</a> Mode (syntax highlighter) for the NewtonScript language by Morgan Aldridge.</dd>
<dt><a id="ntk">Newton Toolkit</a> (a.k.a NTK; Mac OS, Windows; freeware; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/development/NTK">UNNA</a>)</dt>
<dd>Apple’s original Mac OS & Windows IDE for Newton OS software development.</dd>
<dt><a id="tntk" href="http://github.com/ekoeppen/tntk">tntk</a> (Linux, Mac OS X; open source)</dt>
<dd>A command line NewtonScript compiler by Eckhart Köppen. Built on <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a>.</dd>
<dt><a id="viewframe" href="http://nixietube.info/"><img src="img/icons/viewframe-32x32.gif" alt="" />ViewFrame</a> (Newton OS; freeware)</dt>
<dd>A live NewtonScript object explorer/editor for Newton OS 1.x & 2.x by Jason Harper.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a id="docs">Documentation</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/Class-based%20NewtonScript%20Programming.pdf">Class-based NewtonScript Programming</a> (PDF)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>develop (Magazine, HTML; mirrors: <a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/">MacTech</a>)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple’s quarterly technical journal published from 1990-1997, before being pulled into <a href="http://www.mactech.com/">MacTech magazine</a> as a regular column. The following issues contain Newton/NewtonScript-specific articles:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_17/index.html">Issue 17</a> (HTML; March 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_18/index.html">Issue 18</a> (HTML; June 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_19/index.html">Issue 19</a> (HTML; September 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_20/index.html">Issue 20</a> (HTML; December 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_21/index.html">Issue 21</a> (HTML; March 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_22/index.html">Issue 22</a> (HTML; June 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_23/index.html">Issue 23</a> (HTML; September 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_24/index.html">Issue 24</a> (HTML; December 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_25/index.html">Issue 25</a> (HTML; March 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_26/index.html">Issue 26</a> (HTML; June 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_27/index.html">Issue 27</a> (HTML; September 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_28/index.html">Issue 28</a> (HTML; December 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://old.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_29/index.html">Issue 29</a> (HTML; March 1997)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>How to Work with the Text-to-Speech Extension (HTML; mirrors: <a href="http://saweyer.freehostia.com/newton/newtscape/docs/a0000003.shtml">Steve Weyer</a>, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19991007065839/http://resources.pdadash.com/newtund/NU/dev/a0000003.shtml">Internet Archive</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>More Newton Text to Speech (HTML; mirrors: <a href="http://saweyer.freehostia.com/newton/newtscape/docs/a0000004.shtml">Steve Weyer</a>, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19991007081258/http://resources.pdadash.com/newtund/NU/dev/a0000004.shtml">Internet Archive</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/COMPCON-Arch.pdf">The Newton Application Architecture</a> (PDF)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>Newton Formats (PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonFormats1.1.pdf">UNNA</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>Newton OS 2.1 Engineering Documents (PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/EngineeringDocsOS2.1.pdf">UNNA</a>, <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonOS21EngDoc.pdf">Newted</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt><a href="http://tools.unna.org/errors/">Newton OS Error Database</a> (HTML)</dt>
<dt><a href="http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/NewtonProgrammerGuide20.PDF">Newton Programmer’s Guide</a> (for OS 2.0; PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/ProgrammersGuideOS2.0.pdf">UNNA</a>, <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuide20.pdf">Newted</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>Newton Programmer’s Guide: 2.1 OS Addendum (PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/ProgrammersGuideOS2.1Addenum.pdf">UNNA</a>, <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuide21Add.pdf">Newted</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt><a href="http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/NewtonProgrammerRef20.PDF">Newton Programmer’s Reference</a> (for Newton OS 2.0; PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/ProgrammersReferenceOS2.0.pdf">UNNA</a>, <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerRef20.pdf">Newted</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt><a href="http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/NewtonScriptProgramLanguage.PDF">The NewtonScript Programming Language</a> (PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonScriptProgLanguage.pdf">UNNA</a>, <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonScriptProgramLanguage.pdf">Newted</a>)</dt>
<dd>Apple’s official introduction & reference material for the NewtonScript language under Newton OS 2.x. You’ll probably want to start here.</dd>
<dt>Newton Technology Journal (PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal">UNNA</a>)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple’s Newton-specific technical journal, published six times per year from 1995-1997. The content is 70% development and 30% marketing.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_01.pdf">Volume I, Number 1</a> (PDF; February 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_02.pdf">Volume I, Number 2</a> (PDF; April 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_03.pdf">Volume I, Number 3</a> (PDF; June 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_04.pdf">Volume I, Number 4</a> (PDF; August 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_05.pdf">Volume I, Number 5</a> (PDF; November 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_01.pdf">Volume II, Number 1</a> (PDF; February 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_02.pdf">Volume II, Number 2</a> (PDF; April 1996; translations: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ2.02-Japanese_Apr96.pdf">Japanese</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_03.pdf">Volume II, Number 3</a> (PDF; June 1996; translations: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ2.03-Japanese_Jun96.pdf">Japanese</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_04.pdf">Volume II, Number 4</a> (PDF; August 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_05.pdf">Volume II, Number 5</a> (PDF; October 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_3_01.pdf">Volume III, Number 1</a> (PDF; January 1997)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_3_02.pdf">Volume III, Number 2</a> (PDF; March 1997)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Newton Toolkit 1.6.x File Formats (PDF)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>Newton User Interface Guidelines (for OS 2.0; Book, PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/UserInterfaceGuidelinesOS2.0.pdf">UNNA</a>, <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/Newton20UIGuide.pdf">Newted</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>Programming for the Newton: Software Development with NewtonScript (Book)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>Programming for the Newton Using Macintosh (Book, HTML; mirror: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/development/documentation/ProgNewtUsingMac.zip">UNNA</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>Programming for the Newton Using Windows (Book)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/SELF%20and%20the%20Origins%20of%20NewtonScript.pdf">SELF and the Origins of NewtonScript</a> (PDF)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt>User Interface Guidelines for Newton OS 2.1 Keyboard Enhancements (PDF; mirrors: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/UserInterfaceKeyboardOS2.1.pdf">UNNA</a>, <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonKeyboardUIGuide.pdf">Newted</a>)</dt>
<dd></dd>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/OOPSLA95.pdf">Using a Prototype-based Language for User Interface: The Newton Project’s Experience</a> (PDF)</dt>
<dd></dd>
</dl>
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