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<div class="section" id="cbook">
<h1>cbook<a class="headerlink" href="#cbook" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="module-matplotlib.cbook">
<span id="matplotlib-cbook"></span><h2><a class="reference internal" href="#module-matplotlib.cbook" title="matplotlib.cbook"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.cbook</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#module-matplotlib.cbook" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A collection of utility functions and classes. Originally, many
(but not all) were from the Python Cookbook – hence the name cbook.</p>
<p>This module is safe to import from anywhere within matplotlib;
it imports matplotlib only at runtime.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Bunch">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Bunch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>**kwds</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Bunch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>Often we want to just collect a bunch of stuff together, naming each
item of the bunch; a dictionary’s OK for that, but a small do- nothing
class is even handier, and prettier to use. Whenever you want to
group a few variables:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">point</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Bunch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datum</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">squared</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coord</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">point</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datum</span>
<span class="go">By: Alex Martelli</span>
<span class="go">From: https://code.activestate.com/recipes/121294/</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">CallbackRegistry</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>exception_handler=<function _exception_printer></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>Handle registering and disconnecting for a set of signals and callbacks:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">oneat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">ondrink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'drink'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.cbook</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">CallbackRegistry</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CallbackRegistry</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">id_eat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">oneat</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">id_drink</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'drink'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ondrink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'drink'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">123</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">drink 123</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">456</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">eat 456</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'be merry'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">456</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># nothing will be called</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disconnect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id_eat</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">callbacks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'eat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">456</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># nothing will be called</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In practice, one should always disconnect all callbacks when they
are no longer needed to avoid dangling references (and thus memory
leaks). However, real code in matplotlib rarely does so, and due
to its design, it is rather difficult to place this kind of code.
To get around this, and prevent this class of memory leaks, we
instead store weak references to bound methods only, so when the
destination object needs to die, the CallbackRegistry won’t keep
it alive. The Python stdlib weakref module can not create weak
references to bound methods directly, so we need to create a proxy
object to handle weak references to bound methods (or regular free
functions). This technique was shared by Peter Parente on his
<a class="reference external" href="http://mindtrove.info/python-weak-references/">“Mindtrove” blog</a>.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>exception_handler</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">callable, optional</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first">If provided must have signature</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If not None this function will be called with any <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#Exception" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exception</span></code></a>
subclass raised by the callbacks in <a class="reference internal" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process" title="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CallbackRegistry.process</span></code></a>.
The handler may either consume the exception or re-raise.</p>
<p>The callable must be pickle-able.</p>
<p>The default handler is</p>
<div class="last highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">h</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">traceback</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_exc</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.connect">
<code class="descname">connect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em>, <em>func</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Register <em>func</em> to be called when signal <em>s</em> is generated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.disconnect">
<code class="descname">disconnect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>cid</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.disconnect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disconnect the callback registered with callback id <em>cid</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process">
<code class="descname">process</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.CallbackRegistry.process" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Process signal <em>s</em>.</p>
<p>All of the functions registered to receive callbacks on <em>s</em> will be
called with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*args</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.GetRealpathAndStat">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">GetRealpathAndStat</code><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.GetRealpathAndStat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Grouper</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>init=()</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>This class provides a lightweight way to group arbitrary objects
together into disjoint sets when a full-blown graph data structure
would be overkill.</p>
<p>Objects can be joined using <a class="reference internal" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join" title="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join()</span></code></a>, tested for connectedness
using <a class="reference internal" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined" title="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">joined()</span></code></a>, and all disjoint sets can be retrieved by
using the object as an iterator.</p>
<p>The objects being joined must be hashable and weak-referenceable.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.cbook</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Grouper</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="s1">'abcdef'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Grouper</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">grp</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">[(a, b, c), (d, e)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">grp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">joined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.clean">
<code class="descname">clean</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.clean" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clean dead weak references from the dictionary</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.get_siblings">
<code class="descname">get_siblings</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.get_siblings" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns all of the items joined with <em>a</em>, including itself.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join">
<code class="descname">join</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.join" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Join given arguments into the same set. Accepts one or more
arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined">
<code class="descname">joined</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.joined" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns True if <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> are members of the same set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.remove">
<code class="descname">remove</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>a</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Grouper.remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.IgnoredKeywordWarning">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">IgnoredKeywordWarning</code><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.IgnoredKeywordWarning" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#UserWarning" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserWarning</span></code></a></p>
<p>A class for issuing warnings about keyword arguments that will be ignored
by matplotlib</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Locked">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Locked</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Locked" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>Context manager to handle locks.</p>
<p>Based on code from conda.</p>
<p>(c) 2012-2013 Continuum Analytics, Inc. / <a class="reference external" href="https://www.continuum.io/">https://www.continuum.io/</a>
All Rights Reserved</p>
<p>conda is distributed under the terms of the BSD 3-clause license.
Consult LICENSE_CONDA or <a class="reference external" href="https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause">https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause</a>.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Locked.LOCKFN">
<code class="descname">LOCKFN</code><em class="property"> = '.matplotlib_lock'</em><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Locked.LOCKFN" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Locked.TimeoutError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descname">TimeoutError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Locked.TimeoutError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Null">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Null</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Null" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The Null class was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>Null objects always and reliably “do nothing.”</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.RingBuffer">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">RingBuffer</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.RingBuffer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The RingBuffer class was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>class that implements a not-yet-full buffer</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.RingBuffer.append">
<code class="descname">append</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.RingBuffer.append" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>append an element at the end of the buffer</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.RingBuffer.get">
<code class="descname">get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.RingBuffer.get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of elements from the oldest to the newest.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Sorter">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Sorter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Sorter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>sorted(…, key=itemgetter(…))</p>
</div>
<p>Sort by attribute or item</p>
<p>Example usage:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sort</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Sorter</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="nb">dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[{</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">}]</span>
<span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># default sort</span>
<span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># sort by index 1</span>
<span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># sort a list of dicts by key 'a'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Sorter.byAttribute">
<code class="descname">byAttribute</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em>, <em>attributename</em>, <em>inplace=1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Sorter.byAttribute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Sorter.byItem">
<code class="descname">byItem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em>, <em>itemindex=None</em>, <em>inplace=1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Sorter.byItem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Sorter.sort">
<code class="descname">sort</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em>, <em>itemindex=None</em>, <em>inplace=1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Sorter.sort" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Stack</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>default=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<p>Implement a stack where elements can be pushed on and you can move
back and forth. But no pop. Should mimic home / back / forward
in a browser</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.back">
<code class="descname">back</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.back" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>move the position back and return the current element</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.bubble">
<code class="descname">bubble</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.bubble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>raise <em>o</em> to the top of the stack and return <em>o</em>. <em>o</em> must be
in the stack</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.clear">
<code class="descname">clear</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>empty the stack</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.empty">
<code class="descname">empty</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.empty" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.forward">
<code class="descname">forward</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.forward" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>move the position forward and return the current element</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.home">
<code class="descname">home</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.home" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>push the first element onto the top of the stack</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.push">
<code class="descname">push</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.push" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>push object onto stack at current position - all elements
occurring later than the current position are discarded</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Stack.remove">
<code class="descname">remove</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Stack.remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>remove element <em>o</em> from the stack</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Xlator">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">Xlator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Xlator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a></p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The Xlator class was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>All-in-one multiple-string-substitution class</p>
<p>Example usage:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Larry Wall is the creator of Perl"</span>
<span class="n">adict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">"Larry Wall"</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Guido van Rossum"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"creator"</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Benevolent Dictator for Life"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"Perl"</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"Python"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">multiple_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adict</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">xlat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Xlator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adict</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xlat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.Xlator.xlat">
<code class="descname">xlat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>text</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.Xlator.xlat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Translate <em>text</em>, returns the modified text.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.align_iterators">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">align_iterators</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>func</em>, <em>*iterables</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.align_iterators" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.2: </span>The align_iterators function was deprecated in version 2.2.</p>
</div>
<p>This generator takes a bunch of iterables that are ordered by func
It sends out ordered tuples:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">rows</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">all</span> <span class="n">iterators</span> <span class="n">matching</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">)])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>It is used by <a class="reference internal" href="mlab_api.html#matplotlib.mlab.recs_join" title="matplotlib.mlab.recs_join"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.mlab.recs_join()</span></code></a> to join record arrays</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.allequal">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">allequal</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>seq</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.allequal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The allequal function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>Return <em>True</em> if all elements of <em>seq</em> compare equal. If <em>seq</em> is
0 or 1 length, return <em>True</em></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.allpairs">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">allpairs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.allpairs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The allpairs function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>return all possible pairs in sequence <em>x</em></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.alltrue">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">alltrue</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>seq</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.alltrue" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The alltrue function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>Return <em>True</em> if all elements of <em>seq</em> evaluate to <em>True</em>. If
<em>seq</em> is empty, return <em>False</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.boxplot_stats">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">boxplot_stats</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>X</em>, <em>whis=1.5</em>, <em>bootstrap=None</em>, <em>labels=None</em>, <em>autorange=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.boxplot_stats" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns list of dictionaries of statistics used to draw a series
of box and whisker plots. The <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Returns</span></code> section enumerates the
required keys of the dictionary. Users can skip this function and
pass a user-defined set of dictionaries to the new <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">axes.bxp</span></code> method
instead of relying on MPL to do the calculations.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>X</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">array-like</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">Data that will be represented in the boxplots. Should have 2 or
fewer dimensions.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>whis</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">float, string, or sequence (default = 1.5)</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">As a float, determines the reach of the whiskers to the beyond the
first and third quartiles. In other words, where IQR is the
interquartile range (<code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Q3-Q1</span></code>), the upper whisker will extend to last
datum less than <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Q3</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">whis*IQR</span></code>). Similarly, the lower whisker will
extend to the first datum greater than <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Q1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">whis*IQR</span></code>.
Beyond the whiskers, data are considered outliers
and are plotted as individual points. This can be set this to an
ascending sequence of percentile (e.g., [5, 95]) to set the
whiskers at specific percentiles of the data. Finally, <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whis</span></code>
can be the string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'range'</span></code> to force the whiskers to the
minimum and maximum of the data. In the edge case that the 25th
and 75th percentiles are equivalent, <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whis</span></code> can be automatically
set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'range'</span></code> via the <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">autorange</span></code> option.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>bootstrap</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">int, optional</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">Number of times the confidence intervals around the median
should be bootstrapped (percentile method).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>labels</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">array-like, optional</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">Labels for each dataset. Length must be compatible with
dimensions of <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>autorange</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">bool, optional (False)</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">When <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> and the data are distributed such that the 25th and
75th percentiles are equal, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whis</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'range'</span></code> such
that the whisker ends are at the minimum and maximum of the
data.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>bxpstats</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">list of dict</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first">A list of dictionaries containing the results for each column
of data. Keys of each dictionary are the following:</p>
<table border="1" class="last docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="19%" />
<col width="81%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Key</th>
<th class="head">Value Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>label</td>
<td>tick label for the boxplot</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>mean</td>
<td>arithemetic mean value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>med</td>
<td>50th percentile</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>q1</td>
<td>first quartile (25th percentile)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>q3</td>
<td>third quartile (75th percentile)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>cilo</td>
<td>lower notch around the median</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>cihi</td>
<td>upper notch around the median</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>whislo</td>
<td>end of the lower whisker</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>whishi</td>
<td>end of the upper whisker</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>fliers</td>
<td>outliers</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="rubric">Notes</p>
<p>Non-bootstrapping approach to confidence interval uses Gaussian-
based asymptotic approximation:</p>
<img src="../_images/mathmpl/math-1742f7b9ed.png" class="center" /><p>General approach from:
McGill, R., Tukey, J.W., and Larsen, W.A. (1978) “Variations of
Boxplots”, The American Statistician, 32:12-16.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.contiguous_regions">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">contiguous_regions</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>mask</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.contiguous_regions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of (ind0, ind1) such that mask[ind0:ind1].all() is
True and we cover all such regions</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.converter">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">converter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.converter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The converter class was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>Base class for handling string -> python type with support for
missing values</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.converter.is_missing">
<code class="descname">is_missing</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.converter.is_missing" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.dedent">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">dedent</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.dedent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove excess indentation from docstring <em>s</em>.</p>
<p>Discards any leading blank lines, then removes up to n whitespace
characters from each line, where n is the number of leading
whitespace characters in the first line. It differs from
textwrap.dedent in its deletion of leading blank lines and its use
of the first non-blank line to determine the indentation.</p>
<p>It is also faster in most cases.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.delete_masked_points">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">delete_masked_points</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>*args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.delete_masked_points" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Find all masked and/or non-finite points in a set of arguments,
and return the arguments with only the unmasked points remaining.</p>
<p>Arguments can be in any of 5 categories:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>1-D masked arrays</li>
<li>1-D ndarrays</li>
<li>ndarrays with more than one dimension</li>
<li>other non-string iterables</li>
<li>anything else</li>
</ol>
<p>The first argument must be in one of the first four categories;
any argument with a length differing from that of the first
argument (and hence anything in category 5) then will be
passed through unchanged.</p>
<p>Masks are obtained from all arguments of the correct length
in categories 1, 2, and 4; a point is bad if masked in a masked
array or if it is a nan or inf. No attempt is made to
extract a mask from categories 2, 3, and 4 if <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">np.isfinite()</span></code>
does not yield a Boolean array.</p>
<p>All input arguments that are not passed unchanged are returned
as ndarrays after removing the points or rows corresponding to
masks in any of the arguments.</p>
<p>A vastly simpler version of this function was originally
written as a helper for Axes.scatter().</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.dict_delall">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">dict_delall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>d</em>, <em>keys</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.dict_delall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The dict_delall function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>delete all of the <em>keys</em> from the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a> <em>d</em></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.exception_to_str">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">exception_to_str</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.exception_to_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The exception_to_str function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.file_requires_unicode">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">file_requires_unicode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.file_requires_unicode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> if the given writable file-like object requires Unicode
to be written to it.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.finddir">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">finddir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>o</em>, <em>match</em>, <em>case=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.finddir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The finddir function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>return all attributes of <em>o</em> which match string in match. if case
is True require an exact case match.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.flatten">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">flatten</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>seq</em>, <em>scalarp=<function is_scalar_or_string></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.flatten" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns a generator of flattened nested containers</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.cbook</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">flatten</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">l</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="s1">'John'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'Hunter'</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">[[([</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">)],</span> <span class="p">)]])</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="go">['John', 'Hunter', 1, 23, 42, 5, 23]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>By: Composite of Holger Krekel and Luther Blissett
From: <a class="reference external" href="https://code.activestate.com/recipes/121294/">https://code.activestate.com/recipes/121294/</a>
and Recipe 1.12 in cookbook</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.get_label">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">get_label</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>y</em>, <em>default_name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.get_label" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.get_recursive_filelist">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">get_recursive_filelist</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>args</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.get_recursive_filelist" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The get_recursive_filelist function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>Recurse all the files and dirs in <em>args</em> ignoring symbolic links
and return the files as a list of strings</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.get_sample_data">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">get_sample_data</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fname</em>, <em>asfileobj=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.get_sample_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a sample data file. <em>fname</em> is a path relative to the
<code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mpl-data/sample_data</span></code> directory. If <em>asfileobj</em> is <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a>
return a file object, otherwise just a file path.</p>
<p>Set the rc parameter examples.directory to the directory where we should
look, if sample_data files are stored in a location different than
default (which is ‘mpl-data/sample_data` at the same level of ‘matplotlib`
Python module files).</p>
<p>If the filename ends in .gz, the file is implicitly ungzipped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.get_split_ind">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">get_split_ind</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>seq</em>, <em>N</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.get_split_ind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The get_split_ind function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p><em>seq</em> is a list of words. Return the index into seq such that:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">' '</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">ind</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o"><=</span><span class="n">N</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.index_of">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">index_of</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>y</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.index_of" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A helper function to get the index of an input to plot
against if x values are not explicitly given.</p>
<p>Tries to get <code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y.index</span></code> (works if this is a pd.Series), if that
fails, return np.arange(y.shape[0]).</p>
<p>This will be extended in the future to deal with more types of
labeled data.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>y</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">scalar or array-like</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">The proposed y-value</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>x, y</strong> <span class="classifier-delimiter">:</span> <span class="classifier">ndarray</span></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">The x and y values to plot.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_hashable">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_hashable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_hashable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns true if <em>obj</em> can be hashed</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_math_text">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_math_text</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>s</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_math_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_numlike">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_numlike</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_numlike" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>return true if <em>obj</em> looks like a number</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_scalar">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_scalar</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_scalar" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The is_scalar function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>return true if <em>obj</em> is not string like and is not iterable</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_scalar_or_string">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_scalar_or_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>val</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_scalar_or_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return whether the given object is a scalar or string like.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_sequence_of_strings">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_sequence_of_strings</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_sequence_of_strings" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The is_sequence_of_strings function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>Returns true if <em>obj</em> is iterable and contains strings</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_string_like">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_string_like</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_string_like" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The is_string_like function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>Return True if <em>obj</em> looks like a string</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.is_writable_file_like">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">is_writable_file_like</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.is_writable_file_like" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>return true if <em>obj</em> looks like a file object with a <em>write</em> method</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.issubclass_safe">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">issubclass_safe</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>klass</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.issubclass_safe" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.1: </span>The issubclass_safe function was deprecated in version 2.1.</p>
</div>
<p>return issubclass(x, klass) and return False on a TypeError</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.iterable">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">iterable</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.iterable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>return true if <em>obj</em> is iterable</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.listFiles">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">listFiles</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>root</em>, <em>patterns='*'</em>, <em>recurse=1</em>, <em>return_folders=0</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.listFiles" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Recursively list files</p>
<p>from Parmar and Martelli in the Python Cookbook</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.local_over_kwdict">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">local_over_kwdict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>local_var</em>, <em>kwargs</em>, <em>*keys</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.local_over_kwdict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Enforces the priority of a local variable over potentially conflicting
argument(s) from a kwargs dict. The following possible output values are
considered in order of priority:</p>
<blockquote>
<div>local_var > kwargs[keys[0]] > … > kwargs[keys[-1]]</div></blockquote>
<p>The first of these whose value is not None will be returned. If all are
None then None will be returned. Each key in keys will be removed from the
kwargs dict in place.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>local_var: any object</strong></dt>
<dd><blockquote class="first">
<div><p>The local variable (highest priority)</p>
</div></blockquote>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt>kwargs: dict</dt>
<dd><p class="first last">Dictionary of keyword arguments; modified in place</p>
</dd>
<dt>keys: str(s)</dt>
<dd><p class="first last">Name(s) of keyword arguments to process, in descending order of
priority</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>out: any object</strong></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">Either local_var or one of kwargs[key] for key in keys</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt><strong>IgnoredKeywordWarning</strong></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">For each key in keys that is removed from kwargs but not used as
the output value</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.maxdict">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">maxdict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>maxsize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.maxdict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a></p>
<p>A dictionary with a maximum size; this doesn’t override all the
relevant methods to constrain the size, just setitem, so use with
caution</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="matplotlib.cbook.mkdirs">
<code class="descclassname">matplotlib.cbook.</code><code class="descname">mkdirs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>newdir</em>, <em>mode=511</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#matplotlib.cbook.mkdirs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>make directory <em>newdir</em> recursively, and set <em>mode</em>. Equivalent to</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">mkdir</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="n">NEWDIR</span>
<span class="o">></span> <span class="n">chmod</span> <span class="n">MODE</span> <span class="n">NEWDIR</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">