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"""
A collection of utility functions and classes. Originally, many
(but not all) were from the Python Cookbook -- hence the name cbook.
This module is safe to import from anywhere within matplotlib;
it imports matplotlib only at runtime.
"""
from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function,
unicode_literals)
import six
from six.moves import xrange, zip
from itertools import repeat
import collections
import datetime
import errno
import functools
import glob
import gzip
import io
import locale
import numbers
import os
import re
import sys
import time
import traceback
import types
import warnings
from weakref import ref, WeakKeyDictionary
from .deprecation import deprecated, warn_deprecated
from .deprecation import mplDeprecation, MatplotlibDeprecationWarning
import numpy as np
# On some systems, locale.getpreferredencoding returns None,
# which can break unicode; and the sage project reports that
# some systems have incorrect locale specifications, e.g.,
# an encoding instead of a valid locale name. Another
# pathological case that has been reported is an empty string.
# On some systems, getpreferredencoding sets the locale, which has
# side effects. Passing False eliminates those side effects.
def unicode_safe(s):
import matplotlib
if isinstance(s, bytes):
try:
preferredencoding = locale.getpreferredencoding(
matplotlib.rcParams['axes.formatter.use_locale']).strip()
if not preferredencoding:
preferredencoding = None
except (ValueError, ImportError, AttributeError):
preferredencoding = None
if preferredencoding is None:
return six.text_type(s)
else:
return six.text_type(s, preferredencoding)
return s
@deprecated('2.1')
class converter(object):
"""
Base class for handling string -> python type with support for
missing values
"""
def __init__(self, missing='Null', missingval=None):
self.missing = missing
self.missingval = missingval
def __call__(self, s):
if s == self.missing:
return self.missingval
return s
def is_missing(self, s):
return not s.strip() or s == self.missing
@deprecated('2.1')
class tostr(converter):
"""convert to string or None"""
def __init__(self, missing='Null', missingval=''):
converter.__init__(self, missing=missing, missingval=missingval)
@deprecated('2.1')
class todatetime(converter):
"""convert to a datetime or None"""
def __init__(self, fmt='%Y-%m-%d', missing='Null', missingval=None):
'use a :func:`time.strptime` format string for conversion'
converter.__init__(self, missing, missingval)
self.fmt = fmt
def __call__(self, s):
if self.is_missing(s):
return self.missingval
tup = time.strptime(s, self.fmt)
return datetime.datetime(*tup[:6])
@deprecated('2.1')
class todate(converter):
"""convert to a date or None"""
def __init__(self, fmt='%Y-%m-%d', missing='Null', missingval=None):
"""use a :func:`time.strptime` format string for conversion"""
converter.__init__(self, missing, missingval)
self.fmt = fmt
def __call__(self, s):
if self.is_missing(s):
return self.missingval
tup = time.strptime(s, self.fmt)
return datetime.date(*tup[:3])
@deprecated('2.1')
class tofloat(converter):
"""convert to a float or None"""
def __init__(self, missing='Null', missingval=None):
converter.__init__(self, missing)
self.missingval = missingval
def __call__(self, s):
if self.is_missing(s):
return self.missingval
return float(s)
@deprecated('2.1')
class toint(converter):
"""convert to an int or None"""
def __init__(self, missing='Null', missingval=None):
converter.__init__(self, missing)
def __call__(self, s):
if self.is_missing(s):
return self.missingval
return int(s)
class _BoundMethodProxy(object):
"""
Our own proxy object which enables weak references to bound and unbound
methods and arbitrary callables. Pulls information about the function,
class, and instance out of a bound method. Stores a weak reference to the
instance to support garbage collection.
@organization: IBM Corporation
@copyright: Copyright (c) 2005, 2006 IBM Corporation
@license: The BSD License
Minor bugfixes by Michael Droettboom
"""
def __init__(self, cb):
self._hash = hash(cb)
self._destroy_callbacks = []
try:
try:
if six.PY3:
self.inst = ref(cb.__self__, self._destroy)
else:
self.inst = ref(cb.im_self, self._destroy)
except TypeError:
self.inst = None
if six.PY3:
self.func = cb.__func__
self.klass = cb.__self__.__class__
else:
self.func = cb.im_func
self.klass = cb.im_class
except AttributeError:
self.inst = None
self.func = cb
self.klass = None
def add_destroy_callback(self, callback):
self._destroy_callbacks.append(_BoundMethodProxy(callback))
def _destroy(self, wk):
for callback in self._destroy_callbacks:
try:
callback(self)
except ReferenceError:
pass
def __getstate__(self):
d = self.__dict__.copy()
# de-weak reference inst
inst = d['inst']
if inst is not None:
d['inst'] = inst()
return d
def __setstate__(self, statedict):
self.__dict__ = statedict
inst = statedict['inst']
# turn inst back into a weakref
if inst is not None:
self.inst = ref(inst)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Proxy for a call to the weak referenced object. Take
arbitrary params to pass to the callable.
Raises `ReferenceError`: When the weak reference refers to
a dead object
"""
if self.inst is not None and self.inst() is None:
raise ReferenceError
elif self.inst is not None:
# build a new instance method with a strong reference to the
# instance
mtd = types.MethodType(self.func, self.inst())
else:
# not a bound method, just return the func
mtd = self.func
# invoke the callable and return the result
return mtd(*args, **kwargs)
def __eq__(self, other):
"""
Compare the held function and instance with that held by
another proxy.
"""
try:
if self.inst is None:
return self.func == other.func and other.inst is None
else:
return self.func == other.func and self.inst() == other.inst()
except Exception:
return False
def __ne__(self, other):
"""
Inverse of __eq__.
"""
return not self.__eq__(other)
def __hash__(self):
return self._hash
class CallbackRegistry(object):
"""
Handle registering and disconnecting for a set of signals and
callbacks:
>>> def oneat(x):
... print('eat', x)
>>> def ondrink(x):
... print('drink', x)
>>> from matplotlib.cbook import CallbackRegistry
>>> callbacks = CallbackRegistry()
>>> id_eat = callbacks.connect('eat', oneat)
>>> id_drink = callbacks.connect('drink', ondrink)
>>> callbacks.process('drink', 123)
drink 123
>>> callbacks.process('eat', 456)
eat 456
>>> callbacks.process('be merry', 456) # nothing will be called
>>> callbacks.disconnect(id_eat)
>>> callbacks.process('eat', 456) # nothing will be called
In practice, one should always disconnect all callbacks when they
are no longer needed to avoid dangling references (and thus memory
leaks). However, real code in matplotlib rarely does so, and due
to its design, it is rather difficult to place this kind of code.
To get around this, and prevent this class of memory leaks, we
instead store weak references to bound methods only, so when the
destination object needs to die, the CallbackRegistry won't keep
it alive. The Python stdlib weakref module can not create weak
references to bound methods directly, so we need to create a proxy
object to handle weak references to bound methods (or regular free
functions). This technique was shared by Peter Parente on his
`"Mindtrove" blog
<http://mindtrove.info/python-weak-references/>`_.
"""
def __init__(self):
self.callbacks = dict()
self._cid = 0
self._func_cid_map = {}
# In general, callbacks may not be pickled; thus, we simply recreate an
# empty dictionary at unpickling. In order to ensure that `__setstate__`
# (which just defers to `__init__`) is called, `__getstate__` must
# return a truthy value (for pickle protocol>=3, i.e. Py3, the
# *actual* behavior is that `__setstate__` will be called as long as
# `__getstate__` does not return `None`, but this is undocumented -- see
# http://bugs.python.org/issue12290).
def __getstate__(self):
return True
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.__init__()
def connect(self, s, func):
"""
register *func* to be called when a signal *s* is generated
func will be called
"""
self._func_cid_map.setdefault(s, WeakKeyDictionary())
# Note proxy not needed in python 3.
# TODO rewrite this when support for python2.x gets dropped.
proxy = _BoundMethodProxy(func)
if proxy in self._func_cid_map[s]:
return self._func_cid_map[s][proxy]
proxy.add_destroy_callback(self._remove_proxy)
self._cid += 1
cid = self._cid
self._func_cid_map[s][proxy] = cid
self.callbacks.setdefault(s, dict())
self.callbacks[s][cid] = proxy
return cid
def _remove_proxy(self, proxy):
for signal, proxies in list(six.iteritems(self._func_cid_map)):
try:
del self.callbacks[signal][proxies[proxy]]
except KeyError:
pass
if len(self.callbacks[signal]) == 0:
del self.callbacks[signal]
del self._func_cid_map[signal]
def disconnect(self, cid):
"""
disconnect the callback registered with callback id *cid*
"""
for eventname, callbackd in list(six.iteritems(self.callbacks)):
try:
del callbackd[cid]
except KeyError:
continue
else:
for signal, functions in list(
six.iteritems(self._func_cid_map)):
for function, value in list(six.iteritems(functions)):
if value == cid:
del functions[function]
return
def process(self, s, *args, **kwargs):
"""
process signal `s`. All of the functions registered to receive
callbacks on `s` will be called with ``**args`` and ``**kwargs``
"""
if s in self.callbacks:
for cid, proxy in list(six.iteritems(self.callbacks[s])):
try:
proxy(*args, **kwargs)
except ReferenceError:
self._remove_proxy(proxy)
class silent_list(list):
"""
override repr when returning a list of matplotlib artists to
prevent long, meaningless output. This is meant to be used for a
homogeneous list of a given type
"""
def __init__(self, type, seq=None):
self.type = type
if seq is not None:
self.extend(seq)
def __repr__(self):
return '<a list of %d %s objects>' % (len(self), self.type)
def __str__(self):
return repr(self)
def __getstate__(self):
# store a dictionary of this SilentList's state
return {'type': self.type, 'seq': self[:]}
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.type = state['type']
self.extend(state['seq'])
class IgnoredKeywordWarning(UserWarning):
"""
A class for issuing warnings about keyword arguments that will be ignored
by matplotlib
"""
pass
def local_over_kwdict(local_var, kwargs, *keys):
"""
Enforces the priority of a local variable over potentially conflicting
argument(s) from a kwargs dict. The following possible output values are
considered in order of priority:
local_var > kwargs[keys[0]] > ... > kwargs[keys[-1]]
The first of these whose value is not None will be returned. If all are
None then None will be returned. Each key in keys will be removed from the
kwargs dict in place.
Parameters
----------
local_var: any object
The local variable (highest priority)
kwargs: dict
Dictionary of keyword arguments; modified in place
keys: str(s)
Name(s) of keyword arguments to process, in descending order of
priority
Returns
-------
out: any object
Either local_var or one of kwargs[key] for key in keys
Raises
------
IgnoredKeywordWarning
For each key in keys that is removed from kwargs but not used as
the output value
"""
out = local_var
for key in keys:
kwarg_val = kwargs.pop(key, None)
if kwarg_val is not None:
if out is None:
out = kwarg_val
else:
warnings.warn('"%s" keyword argument will be ignored' % key,
IgnoredKeywordWarning)
return out
def strip_math(s):
"""remove latex formatting from mathtext"""
remove = (r'\mathdefault', r'\rm', r'\cal', r'\tt', r'\it', '\\', '{', '}')
s = s[1:-1]
for r in remove:
s = s.replace(r, '')
return s
class Bunch(object):
"""
Often we want to just collect a bunch of stuff together, naming each
item of the bunch; a dictionary's OK for that, but a small do- nothing
class is even handier, and prettier to use. Whenever you want to
group a few variables::
>>> point = Bunch(datum=2, squared=4, coord=12)
>>> point.datum
By: Alex Martelli
From: https://code.activestate.com/recipes/121294/
"""
def __init__(self, **kwds):
self.__dict__.update(kwds)
def __repr__(self):
return 'Bunch(%s)' % ', '.join(
'%s=%s' % kv for kv in six.iteritems(vars(self)))
@deprecated('2.1')
def unique(x):
"""Return a list of unique elements of *x*"""
return list(set(x))
def iterable(obj):
"""return true if *obj* is iterable"""
try:
iter(obj)
except TypeError:
return False
return True
@deprecated('2.1')
def is_string_like(obj):
"""Return True if *obj* looks like a string"""
# (np.str_ == np.unicode_ on Py3).
return isinstance(obj, (six.string_types, np.str_, np.unicode_))
@deprecated('2.1')
def is_sequence_of_strings(obj):
"""Returns true if *obj* is iterable and contains strings"""
if not iterable(obj):
return False
if is_string_like(obj) and not isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
try:
obj = obj.values
except AttributeError:
# not pandas
return False
for o in obj:
if not is_string_like(o):
return False
return True
def is_hashable(obj):
"""Returns true if *obj* can be hashed"""
try:
hash(obj)
except TypeError:
return False
return True
def is_writable_file_like(obj):
"""return true if *obj* looks like a file object with a *write* method"""
return callable(getattr(obj, 'write', None))
def file_requires_unicode(x):
"""
Returns `True` if the given writable file-like object requires Unicode
to be written to it.
"""
try:
x.write(b'')
except TypeError:
return True
else:
return False
@deprecated('2.1')
def is_scalar(obj):
"""return true if *obj* is not string like and is not iterable"""
return not isinstance(obj, six.string_types) and not iterable(obj)
def is_numlike(obj):
"""return true if *obj* looks like a number"""
return isinstance(obj, (numbers.Number, np.number))
def to_filehandle(fname, flag='rU', return_opened=False):
"""
*fname* can be a filename or a file handle. Support for gzipped
files is automatic, if the filename ends in .gz. *flag* is a
read/write flag for :func:`file`
"""
if isinstance(fname, six.string_types):
if fname.endswith('.gz'):
# get rid of 'U' in flag for gzipped files.
flag = flag.replace('U', '')
fh = gzip.open(fname, flag)
elif fname.endswith('.bz2'):
# get rid of 'U' in flag for bz2 files
flag = flag.replace('U', '')
import bz2
fh = bz2.BZ2File(fname, flag)
else:
fh = open(fname, flag)
opened = True
elif hasattr(fname, 'seek'):
fh = fname
opened = False
else:
raise ValueError('fname must be a string or file handle')
if return_opened:
return fh, opened
return fh
def is_scalar_or_string(val):
"""Return whether the given object is a scalar or string like."""
return isinstance(val, six.string_types) or not iterable(val)
def _string_to_bool(s):
"""Parses the string argument as a boolean"""
if not isinstance(s, six.string_types):
return bool(s)
if s.lower() in ['on', 'true']:
return True
if s.lower() in ['off', 'false']:
return False
raise ValueError('String "%s" must be one of: '
'"on", "off", "true", or "false"' % s)
def get_sample_data(fname, asfileobj=True):
"""
Return a sample data file. *fname* is a path relative to the
`mpl-data/sample_data` directory. If *asfileobj* is `True`
return a file object, otherwise just a file path.
Set the rc parameter examples.directory to the directory where we should
look, if sample_data files are stored in a location different than
default (which is 'mpl-data/sample_data` at the same level of 'matplotlib`
Python module files).
If the filename ends in .gz, the file is implicitly ungzipped.
"""
import matplotlib
if matplotlib.rcParams['examples.directory']:
root = matplotlib.rcParams['examples.directory']
else:
root = os.path.join(matplotlib._get_data_path(), 'sample_data')
path = os.path.join(root, fname)
if asfileobj:
if (os.path.splitext(fname)[-1].lower() in
('.csv', '.xrc', '.txt')):
mode = 'r'
else:
mode = 'rb'
base, ext = os.path.splitext(fname)
if ext == '.gz':
return gzip.open(path, mode)
else:
return open(path, mode)
else:
return path
def flatten(seq, scalarp=is_scalar_or_string):
"""
Returns a generator of flattened nested containers
For example:
>>> from matplotlib.cbook import flatten
>>> l = (('John', ['Hunter']), (1, 23), [[([42, (5, 23)], )]])
>>> print(list(flatten(l)))
['John', 'Hunter', 1, 23, 42, 5, 23]
By: Composite of Holger Krekel and Luther Blissett
From: https://code.activestate.com/recipes/121294/
and Recipe 1.12 in cookbook
"""
for item in seq:
if scalarp(item):
yield item
else:
for subitem in flatten(item, scalarp):
yield subitem
@deprecated('2.1', "sorted(..., key=itemgetter(...))")
class Sorter(object):
"""
Sort by attribute or item
Example usage::
sort = Sorter()
list = [(1, 2), (4, 8), (0, 3)]
dict = [{'a': 3, 'b': 4}, {'a': 5, 'b': 2}, {'a': 0, 'b': 0},
{'a': 9, 'b': 9}]
sort(list) # default sort
sort(list, 1) # sort by index 1
sort(dict, 'a') # sort a list of dicts by key 'a'
"""
def _helper(self, data, aux, inplace):
aux.sort()
result = [data[i] for junk, i in aux]
if inplace:
data[:] = result
return result
def byItem(self, data, itemindex=None, inplace=1):
if itemindex is None:
if inplace:
data.sort()
result = data
else:
result = sorted(data)
return result
else:
aux = [(data[i][itemindex], i) for i in range(len(data))]
return self._helper(data, aux, inplace)
def byAttribute(self, data, attributename, inplace=1):
aux = [(getattr(data[i], attributename), i) for i in range(len(data))]
return self._helper(data, aux, inplace)
# a couple of handy synonyms
sort = byItem
__call__ = byItem
@deprecated('2.1')
class Xlator(dict):
"""
All-in-one multiple-string-substitution class
Example usage::
text = "Larry Wall is the creator of Perl"
adict = {
"Larry Wall" : "Guido van Rossum",
"creator" : "Benevolent Dictator for Life",
"Perl" : "Python",
}
print(multiple_replace(adict, text))
xlat = Xlator(adict)
print(xlat.xlat(text))
"""
def _make_regex(self):
""" Build re object based on the keys of the current dictionary """
return re.compile("|".join(map(re.escape, self)))
def __call__(self, match):
""" Handler invoked for each regex *match* """
return self[match.group(0)]
def xlat(self, text):
""" Translate *text*, returns the modified text. """
return self._make_regex().sub(self, text)
@deprecated('2.1')
def soundex(name, len=4):
""" soundex module conforming to Odell-Russell algorithm """
# digits holds the soundex values for the alphabet
soundex_digits = '01230120022455012623010202'
sndx = ''
fc = ''
# Translate letters in name to soundex digits
for c in name.upper():
if c.isalpha():
if not fc:
fc = c # Remember first letter
d = soundex_digits[ord(c) - ord('A')]
# Duplicate consecutive soundex digits are skipped
if not sndx or (d != sndx[-1]):
sndx += d
# Replace first digit with first letter
sndx = fc + sndx[1:]
# Remove all 0s from the soundex code
sndx = sndx.replace('0', '')
# Return soundex code truncated or 0-padded to len characters
return (sndx + (len * '0'))[:len]
@deprecated('2.1')
class Null(object):
""" Null objects always and reliably "do nothing." """
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self
def __str__(self):
return "Null()"
def __repr__(self):
return "Null()"
if six.PY3:
def __bool__(self):
return 0
else:
def __nonzero__(self):
return 0
def __getattr__(self, name):
return self
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
return self
def __delattr__(self, name):
return self
def mkdirs(newdir, mode=0o777):
"""
make directory *newdir* recursively, and set *mode*. Equivalent to ::
> mkdir -p NEWDIR
> chmod MODE NEWDIR
"""
# this functionality is now in core python as of 3.2
# LPY DROP
if six.PY3:
os.makedirs(newdir, mode=mode, exist_ok=True)
else:
try:
os.makedirs(newdir, mode=mode)
except OSError as exception:
if exception.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise
class GetRealpathAndStat(object):
def __init__(self):
self._cache = {}
def __call__(self, path):
result = self._cache.get(path)
if result is None:
realpath = os.path.realpath(path)
if sys.platform == 'win32':
stat_key = realpath
else:
stat = os.stat(realpath)
stat_key = (stat.st_ino, stat.st_dev)
result = realpath, stat_key
self._cache[path] = result
return result
get_realpath_and_stat = GetRealpathAndStat()
@deprecated('2.1')
def dict_delall(d, keys):
"""delete all of the *keys* from the :class:`dict` *d*"""
for key in keys:
try:
del d[key]
except KeyError:
pass
@deprecated('2.1')
class RingBuffer(object):
""" class that implements a not-yet-full buffer """
def __init__(self, size_max):
self.max = size_max
self.data = []
class __Full:
""" class that implements a full buffer """
def append(self, x):
""" Append an element overwriting the oldest one. """
self.data[self.cur] = x
self.cur = (self.cur + 1) % self.max
def get(self):
""" return list of elements in correct order """
return self.data[self.cur:] + self.data[:self.cur]
def append(self, x):
"""append an element at the end of the buffer"""
self.data.append(x)
if len(self.data) == self.max:
self.cur = 0
# Permanently change self's class from non-full to full
self.__class__ = __Full
def get(self):
""" Return a list of elements from the oldest to the newest. """
return self.data
def __get_item__(self, i):
return self.data[i % len(self.data)]
def get_split_ind(seq, N):
"""
*seq* is a list of words. Return the index into seq such that::
len(' '.join(seq[:ind])<=N
.
"""
s_len = 0
# todo: use Alex's xrange pattern from the cbook for efficiency
for (word, ind) in zip(seq, xrange(len(seq))):
s_len += len(word) + 1 # +1 to account for the len(' ')
if s_len >= N:
return ind
return len(seq)
@deprecated('2.1', alternative='textwrap.TextWrapper')
def wrap(prefix, text, cols):
"""wrap *text* with *prefix* at length *cols*"""
pad = ' ' * len(prefix.expandtabs())
available = cols - len(pad)
seq = text.split(' ')
Nseq = len(seq)
ind = 0
lines = []
while ind < Nseq:
lastInd = ind
ind += get_split_ind(seq[ind:], available)
lines.append(seq[lastInd:ind])
# add the prefix to the first line, pad with spaces otherwise
ret = prefix + ' '.join(lines[0]) + '\n'
for line in lines[1:]:
ret += pad + ' '.join(line) + '\n'
return ret
# A regular expression used to determine the amount of space to
# remove. It looks for the first sequence of spaces immediately
# following the first newline, or at the beginning of the string.
_find_dedent_regex = re.compile(r"(?:(?:\n\r?)|^)( *)\S")
# A cache to hold the regexs that actually remove the indent.
_dedent_regex = {}
def dedent(s):
"""
Remove excess indentation from docstring *s*.
Discards any leading blank lines, then removes up to n whitespace
characters from each line, where n is the number of leading
whitespace characters in the first line. It differs from
textwrap.dedent in its deletion of leading blank lines and its use
of the first non-blank line to determine the indentation.
It is also faster in most cases.
"""
# This implementation has a somewhat obtuse use of regular
# expressions. However, this function accounted for almost 30% of
# matplotlib startup time, so it is worthy of optimization at all
# costs.
if not s: # includes case of s is None
return ''
match = _find_dedent_regex.match(s)
if match is None:
return s
# This is the number of spaces to remove from the left-hand side.
nshift = match.end(1) - match.start(1)
if nshift == 0:
return s
# Get a regex that will remove *up to* nshift spaces from the
# beginning of each line. If it isn't in the cache, generate it.
unindent = _dedent_regex.get(nshift, None)
if unindent is None:
unindent = re.compile("\n\r? {0,%d}" % nshift)
_dedent_regex[nshift] = unindent
result = unindent.sub("\n", s).strip()
return result
def listFiles(root, patterns='*', recurse=1, return_folders=0):
"""
Recursively list files
from Parmar and Martelli in the Python Cookbook
"""
import os.path
import fnmatch
# Expand patterns from semicolon-separated string to list
pattern_list = patterns.split(';')
results = []
for dirname, dirs, files in os.walk(root):
# Append to results all relevant files (and perhaps folders)
for name in files:
fullname = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirname, name))
if return_folders or os.path.isfile(fullname):
for pattern in pattern_list:
if fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pattern):
results.append(fullname)
break