FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Tsc1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Tsc1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
TSC complex subunit 1
Annotation Symbol
CG6147
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0290397
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Tsc1 (Tsc1) encodes a tumour suppressor protein that forms a complex with the product of gig. They control cellular growth via antagonizing insulin and TOR signalling pathways. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

dTsc1, TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex 1, rocky

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-83
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:24130307..24134654
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (32 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:mTor; FB:FBgn0021796
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000389117
Biological Process (27 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (27 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in lipid homeostasis
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q8INB9
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q8T9I6
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VW83
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
involved_in oogenesis
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Akt; FB:FBgn0010379
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VW83
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mTor; FB:FBgn0021796
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000389117
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000389117
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000389117
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Tsc1 (Tsc1) encodes a tumour suppressor protein that forms a complex with the product of gig. They control cellular growth via antagonizing insulin and TOR signalling pathways. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Pathway (FlyBase)
NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF INSULIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Negative regulators of the Insulin-like Receptor signaling pathway suppress Insulin-like receptor (InR) activation or the activity of intracellular effectors. (Adapted from FBrf0232297, FBrf0230017 and FBrf0229989).
NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF PVR SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Negative regulators of Platelet-derived Growth Factor-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-related (Pvr) signaling down-regulate the pathway.
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY -
The Hippo signaling pathway is an intracellular kinase cascade in which hpo kinase in complex with sav, phosphorylates wts kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates yki transcriptional co-activator leading to its cytosolic retention. Positive regulators of the pathway, enhance the cytosolic retention of yki, negatively regulating tissue growth (Adapted from FBrf0224870).
Gene Group (FlyBase)
TSC1-TSC2 COMPLEX -
The Tsc1-Tsc2 complex is a heterodimeric GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) complex that negatively regulates mTOR (TORC1 complex) signaling. The Tsc1-Tsc2 complex stimulates the small GTPase, Rheb, to hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP. GTP-bound Rheb activates TORC1. (Adapted from FBrf0214848 and FBrf0136941).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

acts in conjunction with TSC2 to suppress cell growth by inhibiting Tor, a central controller of cell growth - TSC1/TSC2 has GAP activity toward the Rheb small GTPase which acts upstream of and stimulates TOR - TSC2 is the catalytic GAP subunit, while TSC1 enhances TSC2 function by stabilizing TSC2

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Tsc1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VCC9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0084546
3896
1100
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.8 (longest cDNA)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0083931
124.8
1100
6.40
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Tsc1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.28

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Tsc1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 18 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 30 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Tsc1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Tsc1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
eye disc & mitotic cell cycle | ectopic | somatic clone
eye disc & mitotic cell cycle | somatic clone
eye disc & S phase | ectopic | somatic clone
eye disc & S phase | somatic clone
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
3 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Tsc1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 6 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 2 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Linkouts
Pathways
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-83
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
95E1-95E1
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}Syx1A06737&P{PZ}Syx1A10660 and P{PZ}crb07207&P{PZ}BRWD305842
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Location based on deficiency mapping with Df(3R)crb-F89-4 and Df(3R)3450.
95E4-95E5
95E4-95E5
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (33)
Genomic Clones (14)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (51)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Tsc1 negatively regulates bantam activity.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene significantly increases the level of S6k phosphorylation and decreases the level of Akt1 phosphorylation, especially in response to insulin stimulation, in S2 cells.

        Tsc1 controls the timing of differentiation in the developing eye.

        Tsc1 acts as part of a complex with gig to antagonise Tor.

        Loss of Tsc1 and gig results in a Tor-dependent increase in S6k activity. Tsc1 mutant cells fail to respond to amino acid starvation by decreasing S6k activity.

        Evidence from dsRNAi in Drosophila cell culture suggests that Tsc1 and gig are necessary for wild-type levels of S6k and Akt1 activity.

        Tsc1 is a negative regulator of insulin signalling.

        Cells mutant for Tsc1 are dramatically increased in size yet differentiate normally.

        Mutations in Tsc1 result in enhanced growth and cell size with no change in ploidy. Overall, mutant cells spend less time in G1.

        Cells in mutant clones are significantly larger than their wild-type neighbours and contain larger nuclei.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Tsc1 rocky

        Source for merge of: Tsc1 l(3)95Ec

        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Tsc1 CG6147

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (26)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        TSC1
        (Fischer et al., 2025, Serebrovska et al., 2025, Toshniwal et al., 2025, Zhai et al., 2023, Emtenani et al., 2022, Francis et al., 2022, Gu et al., 2022, Kakanj et al., 2022, Yang et al., 2021, Khan et al., 2020, Luo et al., 2020, Ramond et al., 2020, Sheard et al., 2020, Yang et al., 2020, Zugasti et al., 2020, Galenza and Foley, 2019, Sênos Demarco et al., 2019, Ahmad et al., 2018, Inoue et al., 2018, Staats et al., 2018, Tang et al., 2018, Haller et al., 2017, Liu and Jin, 2017, Stefana et al., 2017, Sun et al., 2017, Wen et al., 2017, Agrawal et al., 2016, Danielsen et al., 2016, Koyama and Mirth, 2016, Aradhya et al., 2015, Burn et al., 2015, Fischer et al., 2015, Housden et al., 2015, Mitchell et al., 2015, Nässel et al., 2015, Sano et al., 2015, Zhang and Baehrecke, 2015, Zhang et al., 2015, Mulakkal et al., 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Koyama et al., 2013, Quan et al., 2013, Shim et al., 2013, Sim and Denlinger, 2013, Tang et al., 2013, Wong et al., 2013, Yamanaka et al., 2013, Denton et al., 2012, Kapuria et al., 2012, Lv et al., 2012, Mirth and Shingleton, 2012, Pallares-Cartes et al., 2012, Papatheodorou et al., 2012, Tokusumi et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Zitserman et al., 2012, Ghabrial et al., 2011, Oldham, 2011, Serfontein et al., 2011, Storelli et al., 2011, Yang and Xu, 2011, Birse et al., 2010, Bland et al., 2010, Chang and Neufeld, 2010, Cully et al., 2010, Hsieh et al., 2010, Karbowniczek et al., 2010, Lam et al., 2010, Ribeiro and Dickson, 2010, Géminard et al., 2009, Read et al., 2009, Slaidina et al., 2009, Layalle et al., 2008, Teleman et al., 2008, Bourouis et al., 2007, Hietakangas and Cohen, 2007, Hoshizaki and Gibbs, 2007, Hsu and Choi, 2007, Knox et al., 2007, Lasko and Sonenberg, 2007, Martin et al., 2007, Tyler et al., 2007, Dorer et al., 2006, Edgar, 2006, Lee et al., 2006, Min et al., 2006, Nolo et al., 2006, Wu and Brown, 2006, Yang et al., 2006, Mikeladze-Dvali et al., 2005, Hay and Sonenberg, 2004, Colombani et al., 2003, Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003, Neufeld, 2003, Nijhout, 2003, Stocker et al., 2003, Hengstschlaeger et al., 2001, Tapon and Hariharan, 2001, Ito, 1999.7.29)
        Tsc1
        (Amartuvshin et al., 2025, Proshkina et al., 2025, Simmons et al., 2025, Collins et al., 2024, Rigato et al., 2024, Tang et al., 2024, Zhang et al., 2024, Heigwer et al., 2023, Koehler and Huber, 2023, Li et al., 2023, Saavedra et al., 2023, Zhou et al., 2023, Beaver et al., 2022, Chang et al., 2022, Kubrak et al., 2022, Palozzi et al., 2022, Thangadurai et al., 2022, Azuma et al., 2021, Bilder et al., 2021, Dong et al., 2021, Heier et al., 2021, Ishibashi et al., 2021, Kim and O'Connor, 2021, Liguori et al., 2021, Sood et al., 2021, Yuen et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Gupta and Stocker, 2020, Gupta and Stocker, 2020, Koyama et al., 2020, Lee et al., 2020, Lin and Hsu, 2020, Luo et al., 2020, Mariano et al., 2020, Murakawa et al., 2020, Parniewska and Stocker, 2020, Perez-Gomez et al., 2020, Robles-Murguia et al., 2020, Drummond-Barbosa, 2019, Li et al., 2019, Luhur et al., 2019, Sharma et al., 2019, Texada et al., 2019, Ueoka et al., 2019, Alfred and Vaccari, 2018, Calap-Quintana et al., 2018, Jia et al., 2018, Kang et al., 2018, Lehmann, 2018, Nowak et al., 2018, Manent et al., 2017, Mensah et al., 2017, Murillo-Maldonado and Riesgo-Escovar, 2017, Song et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Allen et al., 2016, Cai et al., 2016, Dong et al., 2016, Kuleesha et al., 2016, Mukherjee et al., 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Vinayagam et al., 2016, Yadav et al., 2016, Androschuk et al., 2015, Calap-Quintana et al., 2015, Das and Dobens, 2015, Hatfield et al., 2015, Sopko et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Avet-Rochex et al., 2014, Deivasigamani et al., 2014, Ghosh et al., 2014, Kim and Choe, 2014, Wei and Lilly, 2014, Wei et al., 2014, Natarajan et al., 2013, Nowak et al., 2013, Schertel et al., 2013, Sopko and Perrimon, 2013, Tran et al., 2013, Zirin et al., 2013, Alvarez-Ponce et al., 2012, Avet-Rochex et al., 2012, Hafezi et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Kapuria et al., 2012, Marinari et al., 2012, Papatheodorou et al., 2012, Yaniv et al., 2012, Glatter et al., 2011, Lindquist et al., 2011, Sousa-Nunes et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Kockel et al., 2010, LaFever et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2010, Montagne et al., 2010, Nisoli et al., 2010, Pospisilik et al., 2010, Potter et al., 2010, Potter et al., 2010, Potter et al., 2010, Sun et al., 2010, Zheng and Sehgal, 2010, Chang and Neufeld, 2009, Chang and Neufeld, 2009, Demontis and Perrimon, 2009, Nuzhdin et al., 2009, Patel et al., 2009, Ravi et al., 2009, Schleich and Teleman, 2009, Sims et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2009, Harvey et al., 2008, Hou et al., 2008, Juhász et al., 2008, Lee et al., 2008, Vereshchagina et al., 2008, Xu et al., 2008, Gutierrez et al., 2007, Hsu et al., 2007, Tseng et al., 2007, Hamaratoglu et al., 2006, Hennig et al., 2006, Igaki et al., 2006, Igaki et al., 2006, Patel and Tamanoi, 2006, Silva, 2006, Goberdhan et al., 2005, Jordan et al., 2005, Teleman et al., 2005, Terashima and Bownes, 2005, Aspuria and Tamanoi, 2004, Udan et al., 2003)
        l(3)95Ec
        Name Synonyms
        TSC complex subunit 1
        TTuberous Sclerosis Complex 1
        Tuberous Sclerosis 1
        Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1
        jolly green giant
        lethal (3) 95Ec
        tuberous sclerosis 1
        tuberous sclerosis complex protein 1
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0026317
        • FBgn0067349
        Datasets (1)
        Study focus (1)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        • bait_protein
        Interaction map generated by purification of insulin pathway factors, with identification of copurifying proteins by mass spectrometry.
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 26 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        References (425)