FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Pdhb
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Pdhb
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit
Annotation Symbol
CG11876
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0039635
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
5 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) (1.2.4.1)
Gene Summary
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit (Pdhb) encodes the E1 beta subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Overall, the complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, NADH and CO2. The E1 component, composed of the Pdha1 and Pdhb proteins, catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate producing an acetyl intermediate bound to the thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) cofactor and CO2. [Date last reviewed: 2025-05-22] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

dPDHB, PDH

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
98F10-98F10
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-97
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:29113071..29116197
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (4 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
contributes_to pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P11177
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR027110
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000178974
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in pyruvate decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P11177
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR027110
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000178974
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009, Alonso et al., 2005)
inferred from direct assay
(Dung et al., 2018)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000178975
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) activity
N(6)-[(R)-lipoyl]-L-lysyl-[protein] + pyruvate + H(+) = N(6)-[(R)-S(8)- acetyldihydrolipoyl]-L-lysyl-[protein] + CO2 (1.2.4.1)
RHEA 19189:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit (Pdhb) encodes the E1 beta subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Overall, the complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, NADH and CO2. The E1 component, composed of the Pdha1 and Pdhb proteins, catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate producing an acetyl intermediate bound to the thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) cofactor and CO2. [Date last reviewed: 2025-05-22]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASES (ACETYL-TRANSFERRING) -
Pyruvate dehydrogenases (acetyl-transferring) catalyze the conversion of pyruvate and a lipoamide to S-acetyldihydrolipoamide and CO[[2]]. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a component, referred to as E1, of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which includes additional components referred to as E2 and E3. Collectively E1-E3 transform pyruvate, NAD[+], coenzyme A into acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. This conversion is crucial because acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle. (Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase.)
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX - PDHA1 VARIANT -
The eukaryotic Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is a multi-enzyme complex organized around a dodecahedral core formed by the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) component. To this core, multiple copies of the thiamin diphosphate-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component, the FAD-containing dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) component, and one to two copies each of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP, which comprises a catalytic and regulatory subunit) are tethered via non-covalent interactions. The PDC functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA and NADH and as such is the gate-keeper enzyme that links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and lipogenic pathways. (Adapted from PMID:19081061.)
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX - PDHA2 VARIANT -
The eukaryotic Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is a multi-enzyme complex organized around a dodecahedral core formed by the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) component. To this core, multiple copies of the thiamin diphosphate-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component, the FAD-containing dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) component, and one to two copies each of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP, which comprises a catalytic and regulatory subunit) are tethered via non-covalent interactions. The PDC functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA and NADH and as such is the gate-keeper enzyme that links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and lipogenic pathways. (Adapted from PMID:19081061.)
Pathway (FlyBase)
PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION TO ACETYL-COA -
In this pathway, pyruvate generated by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion through the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex into acetyl-CoA. Concomitantly, the complex releases CO2 and reduces NAD(+) to NADH. The acetyl-CoA subsequently enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (Adapted from PMID:36581208 and PMID:19081061.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2) (By similarity). Might play a role in regulating synapse structure formation at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:29501567). Might play a role in maintenance of mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:29501567).
(UniProt, Q7K5K3)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Pdhb for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q7K5K3)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Pdhb-RA
FBtr0085366
NM_170386
1455
365
Pdhb-RB
FBtr0085368
NM_170387
1025
273
Pdhb-RC
FBtr0085367
NM_170388
991
273
Pdhb-RD
FBtr0085369
NM_143411
1386
365
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Pdhb-PA
FBpp0084735
39.4
365
7.92
Q7K5K3
NP_733265
AAN14149
Pdhb-PB
FBpp0084737
31.2
273
11.02
Q8IML6
NP_733266
AAN14150
Pdhb-PC
FBpp0084736
31.2
273
11.02
Q8IML6
NP_733267
AAN14151
Pdhb-PD
FBpp0084738
39.4
365
7.92
Q7K5K3
NP_651668
AAF56855
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

365 aa isoforms: Pdhb-PA, Pdhb-PD
273 aa isoforms: Pdhb-PB, Pdhb-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Pdhb using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

3.76

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010, Dorus et al., 2006)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009, Alonso et al., 2005)
inferred from direct assay
(Dung et al., 2018)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Pdhb in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Pdhb
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Pdhb
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal locomotor behavior | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal size | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
decreased efficacy of long-term memory | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4VT030559
decreased efficacy of medium-term memory | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4VT030559
short lived, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PU
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult brain, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
axon | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
embryonic/larval fat body | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PU
interommatidial bristle, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
larval brain | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
mitochondrion, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
mitochondrion | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
mitochondrion | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
mitochondrion | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
ommatidium | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
photoreceptor | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
type I bouton | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
wing disc | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (6)
Hsap\PDHB
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\BCKDHB
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DHTKD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TKT
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\TKTL1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TKTL2
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (6)
Rnor\Pdhb
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Bckdhb
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Dhtkd1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tktl1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tktl2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tkt
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (6)
Mmus\Pdhb
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Bckdhb
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Dhtkd1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tktl1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tktl2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tkt
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\pdhb
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\bckdhb
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\pdhb
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\bckdhb
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\tkta
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\tktb
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
Cele\pdhb-1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\bckd-1B
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\ogdh-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\tkt-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010421
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007531
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005843
1 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011161
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (10)
Atha\MAB1
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G34590
5 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\PDH-E1 BETA
4 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\BCDH BETA1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\DIN4
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT2G45290
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G60750
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\CLA1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\DXPS1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\DXPS3
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\PDB1
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\TKL1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\TKL2
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\pdb1
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\SPBC2G5.05
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (3)
Ecol\dxs
1 of 11
Yes
No
Ecol\tktA
1 of 11
Yes
No
Ecol\tktB
1 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Pdhb. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
Bckdhb
4 of 13
Tktl
2 of 13
Tkt
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
PDHB; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta
14 of 14
179060
BCKDHB; branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta
3 of 14
248611
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Pdhb
suppressible
asRNA:CR43467
(Shimada et al., 2020)
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
FASN1
suppressible
Pdhb
(Xu et al., 2021)
Nadk1a
suppressible
Pdhb
(Xu et al., 2021)
External Data
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION TO ACETYL-COA
External Links
FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-97
Cytogenetic map
98F10-98F10
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
98F10-98F10
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP3390EP3390 and P{PZ}l(3)0470804708
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

3-97

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-94.8

(Comeron et al., 2012)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (5)
Genomic Clones (13)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (149)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
 

polyclonal

(Dung et al., 2018)
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: Pdhb CG11876

      (Dung et al., 2018)
      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 70 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
      References (75)