FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\sigmar
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\sigmar
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
salivary glands marred
Annotation Symbol
CG4091
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0034894
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
5 publicly available
Gene Summary
salivary glands marred (sigmar) encodes a TNFAIP8-like (TIPE) protein family member. Its expression levels are responsive to the TNF ligand encoded by egr. The product of sigmar contribute to JNK signaling modulation, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
59F6-59F6
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-104
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:23698949..23702406
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9W002
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O95379
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in positive regulation of JNK cascade
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
involved_in regulation of autophagy
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
involved_in regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
involved_in salivary gland morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in positive regulation of apoptotic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O95379
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in regulation of apoptotic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008477
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in regulation of intracellular signal transduction
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000979111
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cell projection
inferred from direct assay
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000979111
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O95379
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the TNFAIP8 family. (Q7KVH9)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
salivary glands marred (sigmar) encodes a TNFAIP8-like (TIPE) protein family member. Its expression levels are responsive to the TNF ligand encoded by egr. The product of sigmar contribute to JNK signaling modulation, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Important for modulating JNK signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy in larval salivary glands (PubMed:25836674). During salivary gland development, involved in the positive regulation of the JNK signaling pathway, acting downstream of the TNF ligand egr and upstream of bsk (PubMed:25836674).
(UniProt, Q7KVH9)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\sigmar for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q7KVH9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
sigmar-RA
FBtr0072096
NM_166621
1881
188
sigmar-RB
FBtr0072098
NM_137976
1857
188
sigmar-RC
FBtr0072097
NM_166622
1950
210
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
sigmar-PA
FBpp0072005
21.4
188
8.97
Q7KVH9
NP_726357
AAF47048
sigmar-PB
FBpp0072007
21.4
188
8.97
Q7KVH9
NP_611820
AAM68268
sigmar-PC
FBpp0072006
24.0
210
8.21
H1UUF1
NP_726358
AAM68269
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

188 aa isoforms: sigmar-PA, sigmar-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with the Ste20-like MAP kinase msn.

(UniProt, Q7KVH9)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\sigmar using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.66

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic/larval fat body
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
embryonic precursor of adult hindgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
imaginal tracheal precursor
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval stage
embryonic/larval midgut
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
prepupal stage P3
embryonic/larval midgut

Comment: increased levels relative to wandering larvae

(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
pupal stage P6
embryonic/larval salivary gland
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
pupal stage P6
embryonic/larval salivary gland

Comment: increased abundance at 23 hours APF

(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

sigmar is expressed in salivary gland tissue and its expression level is elevated prior to the onset of salivary gland histolysis. It is also observed at reliatively high levels in embryonic brain and midgut and in the larval midgut prior to steroid-induced cell death. Expression is increased in midgut at puparium formation.

(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cell projection
inferred from direct assay
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\sigmar in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of sigmar
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of sigmar
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene partially disrupted in
Df(2R)l(2)dtl-sigmar
(Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
Inferred from location ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal - all die before end of P-stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with l(2)dtlUAS.cCa
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PU
abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU
abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP0001
long lived |  :calorie restriction conditional | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PU
majority die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
majority die during P-stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
short lived | calorie restriction conditional, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PU
short lived | calorie restriction conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU
short lived | calorie restriction conditional, with Scer\GAL4NP0001
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
autophagosome, with l(2)dtlUAS.cCa
embryonic/larval salivary gland, with l(2)dtlUAS.cCa
microtubule cytoskeleton, with l(2)dtlUAS.cCa
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Hsap\TNFAIP8
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\TNFAIP8L1
13 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TNFAIP8L3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TNFAIP8L2
11 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Tnfaip8
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Tnfaip8l1
13 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tnfaip8l2
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tnfaip8l3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Tnfaip8
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Tnfaip8l1
13 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tnfaip8l3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tnfaip8l2
11 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
Xtro\tnfaip8
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\tnfaip8l2
10 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\tnfaip8l3
10 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\faf1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\grik1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\tnfaip8l1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\tnfaip8l2a
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tnfaip8l2b
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tnfaip8l3
12 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002997
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:sigmar. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    TNFAIP8; TNF alpha induced protein 8
    14 of 14
    612111
        TNFAIP8L1; TNF alpha induced protein 8 like 1
        13 of 14
        615869
            TNFAIP8L3; TNF alpha induced protein 8 like 3
            12 of 14
            616438
                TNFAIP8L2; TNF alpha induced protein 8 like 2
                11 of 14
                612112
                     
                    Functional Complementation Data
                    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                    Interactions
                    Summary of Physical Interactions
                    Summary of Genetic Interactions
                    Interaction Browsers
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    External Data
                    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                    Interacts with the Ste20-like MAP kinase msn.
                    (UniProt, Q7KVH9 )
                    Linkouts
                    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    Pathways
                    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                    Metabolic Pathways
                    FlyBase
                    External Links
                    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                    External Data
                    Linkouts
                    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                    Class of Gene
                    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                    Chromosome (arm)
                    2R
                    Recombination map
                    2-104
                    Cytogenetic map
                    59F6-59F6
                    Sequence location
                    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Evidence for location
                    59F6-59F6
                    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}apt03041 and P{EP}eglEP938
                    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Notes
                    References
                    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                    Location

                    2-104

                    (FlyBase, 2016)

                    2-108.8

                    (Comeron et al., 2012)
                    Left of (cM)
                    Right of (cM)
                    Notes
                    Stocks and Reagents
                    Stocks (5)
                    Genomic Clones (17)
                     

                    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                    cDNA Clones (54)
                     

                    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                    BDGP DGC clones
                    Other clones
                    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                    BDGP DGC clones
                    Other clones
                    RNAi and Array Information
                    Linkouts
                    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                    Antibody Information
                    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                     
                    Commercially Available Antibodies
                     
                    Cell Line Information
                    Publicly Available Cell Lines
                     
                      Other Stable Cell Lines
                       
                        Other Comments
                        Relationship to Other Genes
                        Source for database merge of
                        Additional comments
                        Nomenclature History
                        Source for database identify of

                        Source for identity of: sigmar CG4091

                        (Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
                        Nomenclature comments
                        Etymology

                        Named 'sigmar' ('salivary glands marred') based on its loss-of-function phenotype.

                        (Chittaranjan et al., 2015)
                        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (3)
                        Datasets (0)
                        Study focus (0)
                        Experimental Role
                        Project
                        Project Type
                        Title
                        Study result (0)
                        Result
                        Result Type
                        Title
                        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )
                        Sequence Crossreferences
                        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                        Other crossreferences
                        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                        Linkouts
                        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                        Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                        References (28)