FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Nprl2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Nprl2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Nitrogen permease regulator-like 2
Annotation Symbol
CG9104
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0030800
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
8 publicly available
Gene Summary
Nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (Nprl2) encodes a component of the highly conserved GAP activity towards rags 1 (GATOR1) complex, which inhibits the product of mTor activity in response to amino acid starvation. The product of Nprl2, as well as the other GATOR1 components encoded by Nprl3 and Iml1, regulates early meiotic progression. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
15B4-15B4
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-56
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:16882509..16884365
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Nprl3; FB:FBgn0036397
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
contributes_to GTPase activator activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000988255
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cellular response to amino acid starvation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bar-Peled et al., 2013)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
involved_in cellular response to starvation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wei et al., 2016)
involved_in germarium-derived egg chamber formation
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mio; FB:FBgn0031399
(Wei et al., 2014)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Nup44A; FB:FBgn0033247
(Wei et al., 2014)
involved_in germline cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q9W0E3
(Wei et al., 2014)
involved_in negative regulation of cell size
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
involved_in negative regulation of TOR signaling
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bar-Peled et al., 2013)
involved_in negative regulation of TORC1 signaling
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Wdr24; FB:FBgn0027518
(Cai et al., 2016)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wei et al., 2016, Wei and Lilly, 2014)
involved_in oogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
acts_upstream_of positive regulation of triglyceride catabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wei et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cellular response to amino acid starvation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000988255
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in negative regulation of TORC1 signaling
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000988255
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in autolysosome
inferred from direct assay
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
part_of Seh1-associated complex
inferred from direct assay
(Cai et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of GATOR1 complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000988255
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
traceable author statement
(Cai et al., 2016)
part_of Seh1-associated complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000000788
(Dokudovskaya et al., 2011)
is_active_in vacuolar membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000988255
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the NPR2 family. (Q9VXA0)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (Nprl2) encodes a component of the highly conserved GAP activity towards rags 1 (GATOR1) complex, which inhibits the product of mTor activity in response to amino acid starvation. The product of Nprl2, as well as the other GATOR1 components encoded by Nprl3 and Iml1, regulates early meiotic progression. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
GATOR1 COMPLEX -
GATOR1 is a subcomplex of the GATOR (SEA) complex. GATOR1 possesses Rag GTPase activating protein activity and inhibits TORC1 activity in response to amino acid starvation. (Adapted from FBrf0232362 and PMID:25934700).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
An essential component of the GATOR subcomplex GATOR1 which functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:25512509, PubMed:27166823). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:25512509, PubMed:27166823). The function of GATOR1 in negatively regulating the TORC1 pathway is essential for maintaining baseline levels of TORC1 activity under nutrient rich conditions, and for promoting survival during amino acid or complete starvation by inhibiting TORC1-dependent cell growth and promoting catabolic metabolism and autophagy (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27166823). In addition, this inhibition of TORC1 is necessary to maintain female fertility under normal conditions and during periods of nutrient stress (PubMed:24786828, PubMed:25512509, PubMed:27672113). GATOR1 and GATOR2 act at different stages of oogenesis to regulate TORC1 in order to control meiotic entry and promote oocyte growth and development (PubMed:25512509). After exactly four mitotic cyst divisions, the GATOR1 complex members (Iml1, Nprl2 and Nprl3) down-regulate TORC1 to slow cellular metabolism and promote the mitotic/meiotic transition (PubMed:25512509). At later stages of oogenesis, the mio and Nup44A components of the GATOR2 complex inhibit GATOR1 and thus activate TORC1 to promote meiotic progression, and drive oocyte growth and development (PubMed:25512509).
(UniProt, Q9VXA0)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Nprl2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VXA0)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.43

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Nprl2-RA
FBtr0074348
NM_132946
1707
412
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Nprl2-PA
FBpp0074122
46.3
412
8.28
Q9VXA0
NP_573174
AAF48677
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR1 subcomplex which is likely composed of Iml1, Nplr2 and Nplr3 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with Nprl3 (PubMed:24786828).

(UniProt, Q9VXA0)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Nprl2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.72

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in autolysosome
inferred from direct assay
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Wei and Lilly, 2014)
part_of Seh1-associated complex
inferred from direct assay
(Cai et al., 2016)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Nprl2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 2 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 13 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Nprl2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Nprl2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(1)BSC582
(Wei et al., 2016)
Inferred from location ( 8 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal - majority die (with Df(1)BSC582)
partially lethal - majority die | recessive
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
female sterile | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, Scer\GAL4VP16.otu, Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell cycle | oogenesis, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
abnormal cell size | oogenesis | somatic clone
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage
abnormal size | oogenesis | somatic clone
abnormal stress response | oogenesis, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
bang sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
hyperplasia | adult stage | germline clone
increased cell death | female limited | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, Scer\GAL4VP16.otu, Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
increased cell size | adult stage | somatic clone
short lived | nutrition conditional
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
egg chamber | germline clone
egg chamber | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, Scer\GAL4VP16.otu, Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
fat body | third instar larval stage | nutrition conditional
female germline stem cell, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
follicle cell | somatic clone
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\NPRL2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Nprl2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Nprl2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\nprl2
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\nprl3
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\nprl2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\nprl-2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000438
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\NPR2
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\npr2
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Nprl2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Nprl2HMC04854
model of  familial focal epilepsy with variable foci 2
CEA
(Du et al., 2023)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
NPRL2; NPR2 like, GATOR1 complex subunit
14 of 14
607072
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Nprl2
suppressible
mTor
(Wei et al., 2016)
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
atos
suppressible
Nprl2
(Emtenani et al., 2022)
Iml1
enhanceable
Nprl2
(Wei et al., 2014)
mio
suppressible
Nprl2
(Wei et al., 2014)
Nup44A
suppressible
Nprl2
(Wei et al., 2014)
pths
suppressible
Nprl2
(Emtenani et al., 2022)
Wdr24
suppressible
Nprl2
(Cai et al., 2016)
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR1 subcomplex which is likely composed of Iml1, Nplr2 and Nplr3 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with Nprl3 (PubMed:24786828).
(UniProt, Q9VXA0 )
Linkouts
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
X
Recombination map
1-56
Cytogenetic map
15B4-15B4
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
15B4-15B4
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP1547EP1547 and P{EP}CG4928EP1341
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

1-56

(FlyBase, 2016)

1-56.8

(Comeron et al., 2012)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (8)
Genomic Clones (15)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (6)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        dsRNA has been made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene. RNAi of CG9104 disrupts the dendritic routing patterns of the ddaD and ddaE neurons, resulting in aberrantly oriented primary dendrites. RNAi also causes defects in dendrite morphogenesis.

        (Parrish et al., 2006)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Nprl2 CG9104

        (Wei and Lilly, 2014)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 31 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (53)