FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Rtel1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Rtel1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1
Annotation Symbol
CG4078
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0029798
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
DNA helicase (3.6.4.12)
Gene Summary
A probable ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates (By similarity). In male germline stem cells (GSCs), plays a role in GSCs maintenance during larval germline development by modulating the expression of genes such as Stat92E and preventing DNA damage-induced checkpoint activation (PubMed:34644293). May play a role in female germline stem cell maintenance (PubMed:34644293). (UniProt, Q9W484)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
5B6-5B6
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-13
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:5747747..5752077
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (20 terms)
Molecular Function (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables chromatin binding
inferred from direct assay
(Yang et al., 2021)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9NZ71
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158195
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006555, InterPro:IPR010614, InterPro:IPR014013
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables DNA binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010614
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables DNA helicase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9NZ71
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158192
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables DNA polymerase binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158195
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables helicase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006554, InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables nucleic acid binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA damage response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yang et al., 2021)
involved_in male germ-line stem cell population maintenance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yang et al., 2021)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA recombination
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR030845
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in DNA repair
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR030845
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in DNA replication
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR030845
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in negative regulation of DNA recombination
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158195
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in negative regulation of t-circle formation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158195
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9NZ71
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158195
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in telomere maintenance
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR030845
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in telomeric loop disassembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158195
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Yang et al., 2021)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158195
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR030845
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q0VGM9
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily. (Q9W484)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
DNA helicase activity
ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (3.6.4.12)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
RAD3/XPD-LIKE DNA HELICASES -
Rad3/XPD-like DNA helicases belong to helicase superfamily 2 and are named after the S. cerevisiae Rad3 and human XPD orthologous genes. They typically contain large inserts within the helicase core domains and feature diverse C-termini and N-termini. The XPD/Rad3 helicase is a component of transcription factor IIH, which functions in transcription initiation and nucleotide excision repair in eukaryotes, catalyzing DNA duplex opening localized to the transcription start site or site of DNA damage, respectively. XPD has a 5' to 3' polarity and the helicase activity is dependent on an iron-sulfur cluster binding domain. The XPD gene is the target of mutation in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne's syndrome (Adapted from PMID:20456941 and PMID:18510925.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
A probable ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates (By similarity). In male germline stem cells (GSCs), plays a role in GSCs maintenance during larval germline development by modulating the expression of genes such as Stat92E and preventing DNA damage-induced checkpoint activation (PubMed:34644293). May play a role in female germline stem cell maintenance (PubMed:34644293).
(UniProt, Q9W484)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Rtel1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W484)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Rtel1-RA
FBtr0070807
NM_132026
3308
985
Rtel1-RB
FBtr0332398
NM_001272333
3603
985
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Rtel1-PA
FBpp0070773
109.7
985
8.94
Q9W484
NP_572254
AAF46074
Rtel1-PB
FBpp0304672
109.7
985
8.94
Q9W484
NP_001259262
AGB95108
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

985 aa isoforms: Rtel1-PA, Rtel1-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Rtel1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

1.07

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
anterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
anterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic/larval midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval muscle system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
gastric caecum
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Yang et al., 2021)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Rtel1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 5 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Rtel1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Rtel1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (7)
Hsap\RTEL1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\BRIP1
5 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\DDX11
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ERCC2
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RTEL1-TNFRSF6B
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\DDX11L8
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DDX12P
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Rtel1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Brip1
4 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Ercc2
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ddx11
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Rtel1
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Brip1
5 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Ddx11
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ercc2
3 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\rtel1
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\brip1
4 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\ddx11
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ercc2
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\rtel1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\brip1
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\ddx11
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\ercc2
3 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
Cele\rtel-1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\dog-1
5 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\chl-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\xpd-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\Y54G2A.50
2 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
Agam\RTEL1_ANOGA
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001537
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002988
3 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (7)
Atha\AT1G79950
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G20720
4 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G20750
4 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G79890
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\UVH6
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G09995
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT2G05635
2 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\CHL1
2 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\RAD3
2 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\chl1
2 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\rad15
2 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (2)
Ecol\dinG
4 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\yoaA
4 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Rtel1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
CG11403
6 of 13
Xpd
6 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 3 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    RTEL1; regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1
    12 of 14
    608833
    BRIP1; BRCA1 interacting DNA helicase 1
    5 of 14
    605882
     
    DDX11; DEAD/H-box helicase 11
    3 of 14
    601150
    ERCC2; ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit
    3 of 14
    126340
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Rtel1 - SoxN
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
    (Rhee et al., 2014)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Rtel1
    suppressible
    grp
    (Yang et al., 2021)
    Rtel1
    suppressible
    lok
    (Yang et al., 2021)
    Rtel1
    suppressible
    Stat92E
    (Yang et al., 2021)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    X
    Recombination map
    1-13
    Cytogenetic map
    5B6-5B6
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    5B6-5B6
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}cvEP1349&P{EP}CG32758EP1368 and P{EP}EP404&P{EP}EP1405
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    1-13

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    1-14.9

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (7)
    Genomic Clones (13)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (94)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Rtel1 CG4078

        (Yang et al., 2021)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology

        Named 'Rtel1' after the vertebrate homolog.

        (Yang et al., 2021)
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (5)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG4078
        (Xu et al., 2023, Gorsi et al., 2022, Yang et al., 2021, Graves et al., 2020, Levis, 2018.8.30, Sarov et al., 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Yamamoto et al., 2013-, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Tomancak et al., 2007, Legube et al., 2006, Stanyon et al., 2004)
        Rtel1
        (Peng et al., 2024)
        dRTEL1
        (Yang et al., 2021)
        Name Synonyms
        Regulator of Telomere Elongation Helicase 1
        (Yang et al., 2021)
        Regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (39)