FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Parg

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Parg

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase

Annotation Symbol

CG2864

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0023216

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

9 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (3.2.1.143)

Gene Summary

Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (Parg) encodes a nuclear enzyme that degrades poly(ADP-ribose) to mono(ADP-ribose) from the acceptor proteins after their modification by the product of Parp1. It performs several vital roles, including regulation of developmental patterning and germ-line stem cell fate. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-26] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

3E2-3E2

Sequence location

X:3,668,837..3,671,502 [-]

Recombination map

1-4

RefSeq locus

NC_004354 REGION:3668837..3671502

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables ADP-ribosylserine hydrolase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Fontana et al., 2023)

enables poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Fontana et al., 2023, Bordet et al., 2022)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bordet et al., 2022)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000303269

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007724, InterPro:IPR046372

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Biological Process (11 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in Cajal body organization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kotova et al., 2009)

involved_in carbohydrate metabolic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Hanai et al., 2004)

involved_in DNA damage response

inferred from direct assay

(Fontana et al., 2023)

involved_in female germ-line stem cell population maintenance

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ji and Tulin, 2012)

involved_in heterochromatin formation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Tulin et al., 2006)

involved_in maintenance of protein location in nucleus

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Tulin et al., 2006)

involved_in regulation of RNA splicing

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ji and Tulin, 2009)

involved_in response to heat

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ji and Tulin, 2009)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in ATP generation from poly-ADP-D-ribose

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000303269

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in carbohydrate metabolic process

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007724

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

involved_in nucleotide-sugar metabolic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000303269

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in regulation of DNA repair

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000303269

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007724, InterPro:IPR046372

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Cellular Component (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in nucleoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Boamah et al., 2012)

inferred from direct assay

(Tulin et al., 2006)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Ji and Tulin, 2012)

is_active_in site of DNA damage

inferred from direct assay

(Fontana et al., 2023)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cytoplasm

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000303269

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

is_active_in nucleus

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000303269

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

UNCLASSIFIED O-GLYCOSYL HYDROLASES

PROTEIN ADP-RIBOSYL HYDROLASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family. (O46043)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity

[(1''->2')-ADP-alpha-D-ribose](n) + H2O = [(1''->2')-ADP-alpha-D- ribose](n-1) + ADP-D-ribose (3.2.1.143)

RHEA 52216: ADP-ribosylserine hydrolase activity
RHEA 58256:

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

UNCLASSIFIED O-GLYCOSYL HYDROLASES -: This group comprises O-glycosyl hydrolases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
PROTEIN ADP-RIBOSYL HYDROLASES -: Protein ADP-ribosyl hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of (ADP-D-ribosyl)-amino acyl residues in proteins into amino acyl-[protein] and ADP-ribose. The amino acyl group involved may be arginine, glutamate or serine.

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase that degrades poly(ADP-ribose) by hydrolyzing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose) (PubMed:16219773, PubMed:22178397, PubMed:37268618). Mainly acts as an exo-glycohydrolase but can act as an endo-glycohydrolase at low efficiency (By similarity). Also has protein ADP-ribosylserine hydrolase activity and is able to remove the terminal monomeric ADP-ribose from modified serine residues but not from glutamate residues (PubMed:37268618). Polymeric ADP-ribose synthesized after DNA damage is only present transiently and is rapidly degraded by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PubMed:14676324). De-ADP-ribosylates Parp1 to modulate its subnuclear localization; ADP-ribosylated Parp1 dissociates from chromatin and accumulates in nuclear bodies while de-ADP-ribosylation prevents nuclear body accumulation and promotes association with chromatin (PubMed:16219773, PubMed:19229318). Required for Parp1-mediated repression of retrotransposon amplification by promoting Parp1 localization to chromatin (PubMed:16219773). Together with Parp1 involved in maintaining nucleolar integrity (PubMed:16219773). Involved in regulation of histone deacetylation, possibly by regulating the localization of the NAD-dependent protein deacetylase Sirt2 (PubMed:16219773). Polymeric ADP-ribose metabolism is required for maintenance of the normal function of neuronal cells (PubMed:14676324). Important for development and longevity (PubMed:34949666).

(UniProt, O46043)

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Parg for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry O46043)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

8ADJ
8ADK

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Parg-RB

FBtr0307279

NM_001258582

2521

723

Parg-RC

FBtr0307280

NM_057973

2599

723

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Parg-PB

FBpp0298280

81.1

723

5.58

FBpp0298281

81.1

723

5.58

O46043

NP_477321

AAF45886

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

723 aa isoforms: Parg-PB, Parg-PC

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Post Translational Modification

Phosphorylated at various stages of development (PubMed:34949666). Probably phosphorylated by PKC-like and/or CK2-like kinases (PubMed:34949666). Phosphorylation is not involved in regulating localization but is important for the correct localization of Parp1 (PubMed:34949666). This phosphorylation plays an important role during oogenesis and throughout development (PubMed:34949666).

(UniProt, O46043)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

8ADJ
8ADK

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Parg using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Parg_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.09

Transcript Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in nucleoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Boamah et al., 2012)

inferred from direct assay

(Tulin et al., 2006)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Ji and Tulin, 2012)

is_active_in site of DNA damage

inferred from direct assay

(Fontana et al., 2023)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Parg in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Parg

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Parg

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

31329/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0023216

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0023216

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0023216

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG2864

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0023216

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 5 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Parg

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Parg

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(1)dilp7

(Zhang et al., 2009)

Inferred from location ( 25 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Parg^UAS.EGFP

lethal | pupal stage

Parg^27.1

partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Parg^RNAi.UAS

partially lethal - majority die, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

partially lethal - majority die, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

partially lethal - majority die, with Parg^SE.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

partially lethal - majority die | embryonic stage

Parg^27.1

partially lethal - majority die | larval stage

Parg^27.1

partially lethal - majority die | pupal stage | cold sensitive

Parg^27.1

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Parg^GD8729

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

Parg^GD8729

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Parg^GD8729

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Parg^GD8729

Sterility

Allele

sterile

Parg^27.1

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal developmental rate

Parg^27.1

abnormal developmental rate, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP

abnormal developmental rate, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

abnormal heat stress response, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Parg^UAS.EGFP

abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage

Parg^27.1

decreased fecundity | nutrition conditional, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP

decreased fecundity | nutrition conditional, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

increased cell number | oogenesis, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP

increased cell number | oogenesis, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

melanotic mass phenotype | adult stage

Parg^27.1

short lived

Parg^27.1

short lived, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

short lived, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

short lived, with Parg^SE.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

short lived, with Parg^{ΔCter.UAS.EGFP}, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

some die during embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP

some die during embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

some die during larval stage

Parg^27.1

some die during larval stage, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

some die during larval stage, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

some die during larval stage, with Parg^SE.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

some die during P-stage, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^SE.UAS.EYFP

some die during P-stage, with Parg^SE.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

visible, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Parg^EP351

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

Cajal body

Parg^27.1

dorsocentral bristle, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Parg^EP351

female germline stem cell | germline clone

Parg^27.1

germarium, with Parg^27.1, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP

germarium, with Parg^SA.UAS.EYFP, Scer\GAL4^69B

Parg^27.1

histone locus body

Parg^27.1

mesothoracic leg

Parg^27.1

microchaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Parg^EP351

neuron & nucleus & adult

Parg^27.1

nucleolus, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Parg^UAS.EGFP

oocyte | cell non-autonomous | germline clone

Parg^27.1

oocyte | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone

Parg^27.1

scutellar bristle | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Parg^EP351

wing

Parg^27.1

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (2)

Hsap\PARG

12 of 14

Yes

Hsap\BPHL

7 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)

Rnor\Parg

13 of 14

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)

Mmus\Parg

12 of 14

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)

Xtro\parg

9 of 13

Yes

Xtro\ncoa4

7 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)

Drer\parga

12 of 14

Yes

Drer\pargl

9 of 14

Yes

Drer\LOC103911968

1 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)

Cele\parg-2

11 of 14

Yes

Cele\parg-1

9 of 14

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP000589

12 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP003831

3 of 12

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)

Atha\PARG2

11 of 13

Yes

Atha\TEJ

11 of 13

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Parg. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

neurodegeneration, childhood-onset, stress-induced, with variable ataxia and seizures

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Parg^27.1

model of stress-induced childhood-onset neurodegeneration with variable ataxia and seizures

CEA

(Ghosh et al., 2018)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Parg^UAS.cHa

ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 10

modeled by Hsap\TARDBP^UAS.cDa

(Duan et al., 2019)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

PARG; poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase

12 of 14

603501

BPHL; biphenyl hydrolase like

7 of 14

603156

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Parg

suppressible

Parp1

(Tulin et al., 2006)

Parg

suppressible

shg

(Ji and Tulin, 2012)

Parg|Hrb98DE

suppressible

shg

(Ji and Tulin, 2012)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Hrb98DE

enhanceable

Parg

(Ji and Tulin, 2012)

Parp1

suppressible

Parg

(Kotova et al., 2010)

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

57851

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0023216

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

31329

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

31329

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Base excision repair

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

POLB-Dependent Long Patch Base Excision Repair

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

1-4

Cytogenetic map

3E2-3E2

Sequence location

X:3,668,837..3,671,502 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

3E2-3E2

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}dnc^EP973 and P{EP}Parg^EP351

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

3E1-3E2

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

1-4

(FlyBase, 2016)

1-4.3

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (9)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

10086

w¹¹¹⁸ P{EP}Parg^EP351

31188

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.JF01703}attP2

61333

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMJ23169}attP40

85172

w¹¹¹⁸ PBac{RB}Parg^e04523/FM7c

Kyoto

109111

w¹¹¹⁸ Parg^27.1/In(1)FM7

109112

w¹¹¹⁸ Parg^27.1/FM7i, P{ActGFP}JMR3

NIG-Fly

HMJ23169

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMJ23169}attP40/CyO

VDRC

v23962

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD8729}v23962

v23964

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD8729}v23964

Genomic Clones (13)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (47)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

LD42380

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0023216

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0023216

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells.

(Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (12)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG2864

(Çiçek et al., 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Lin et al., 2015, Perkins et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2008)

EG:114E2.1

HD10914

(Staudt et al., 2005)

PARG

(Bordet et al., 2022, Thomas et al., 2014, Guerrero and Maggert, 2011, Tulin et al., 2007, Ame et al., 2004, Tulin and Spradling, 2004, Hanai et al., 2002, Ame, 1998.7.21)

Parg

(Ecovoiu et al., 2022, Layalle et al., 2021, Miwa et al., 2020, Duan et al., 2019, Ghosh et al., 2018, Ji and Tulin, 2016, Chen et al., 2013, Ji et al., 2013, Boamah et al., 2012, Ji and Tulin, 2012, Kotova et al., 2011, Ji and Tulin, 2009, Kotova et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2009, Sala et al., 2008, Morozova et al., 2007, Pinnola et al., 2007, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006)

dParg

(Fontana et al., 2023)

parg

(Karpova et al., 2025, Thomas et al., 2019, Yamashita et al., 2019, Ji et al., 2016, Kirsanov et al., 2014, Kotova et al., 2010, Staudt et al., 2005)

Name Synonyms

Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase

(Ji and Tulin, 2009)

Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase

(Zhang et al., 2009)

Poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase

(Morozova et al., 2007)

Poly(ADPribose) glyco-hydrolase

(Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)

poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase

(Bordet et al., 2022, Ji et al., 2013, Ame et al., 2004)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 47 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

31329

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

O46043

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

O46043

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

O46043

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

31329/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0023216

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0023216

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0023216

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG2864

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

31329

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

8ADJ
8ADK

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

57851

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0023216

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0023216

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0023216

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Parg_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0023216

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0023216

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG2864

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0023216

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0023216

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC000956

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Base excision repair

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

31329

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

31329

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

POLB-Dependent Long Patch Base Excision Repair

References (70)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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