FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\gcm

presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system

(Hosoya et al., 1995, Jones et al., 1995)

embryonic/larval hemocyte

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

sense organ

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Bernardoni et al., 1997, Jones et al., 1995)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

head mesoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Bernardoni et al., 1997, Hosoya et al., 1995, Jones et al., 1995)

embryonic stage 5 -- 10

head mesoderm | anterior

(Mondal et al., 2007)

embryonic stage 5 -- 11

foregut anlage in statu nascendi

(Alfonso and Jones, 2002)

embryonic stage 6

(Karaiskos et al., 2017)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

dorsal ectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

tritocerebral neuroblast | subset

(Fisher et al., 2012)

plasmatocyte primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 11

(Urbach and Technau, 2003)

neuroblast NB1-3

(Alfonso and Jones, 2002)

embryonic stage 10

presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system | restricted

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

embryonic stage 11

heart primordium | restricted

(Mondal et al., 2007)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

dorsal apodeme anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic glioblast of ventral nerve cord primordium

Comment: reported as glioblasts of ventral nervous system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic neuroblast of ventral nerve cord primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

plasmatocyte primordium

Comment: reported as plasmatocytes anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

procephalic glioblast

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral nerve cord primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 13

medial-most cell body glial cell

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

embryonic longitudinal glial cell | precursor

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

neuroblast NB6-4

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

embryonic stage 11 -- 14

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

embryonic stage 12 -- 15

lateral ectoderm

(Alfonso and Jones, 2002)

(Alfonso and Jones, 2002)

embryonic central brain neuron

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic dorsal epidermis

(Fisher et al., 2012)

lateral cord neuron

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval ventral nerve cord

(Fisher et al., 2012)

wandering third instar larval stage

wing pouch | restricted

(Molnar et al., 2012)

wing hinge primordium | restricted

(Molnar et al., 2012)

RT-PCR

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage | female

spermatheca

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

virtual in situ hybridization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 6

foregut anlage in statu nascendi

(Karaiskos et al., 2017)

Additional Descriptive Data

gcm transcripts are detected in medulla neuropil glial cells as well as in streams of glial cells migrating within the outer proliferation center to reach the medulla neuropil.

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

In the larval visual system, gcm transcript is expressed not only in specific glial subtypes, but also in the lineage that gives rise to lamina neurons.

(Chotard et al., 2005)

gcm expression is observed in the larval optic lobe in some glial subtypes and in a lineage that gives rise to lamina neurons. Expression begins in glial precursor cells at the lamina margins that will give rise to epithelial and marginal glial cells. Expression is also observed in neruonal precursors in the lamina.

(Chotard et al., 2005)

expressed first in presumptive glial cell of dbd lineage after decrease in nub expression.

(Umesono et al., 2002)

gcm transcripts are first detected by in situ hybridization in the head region of the embryo at the end of the blastoderm stage. At stage 10, expression is still very prominent in the procephalic mesoderm. Additionally staining is seem in one cell per hemisegment in the lateral ectoderm which may correspond to PNS. A second, more medially located cell, may be the longitudinal glioblast. By stage 11, expression decreases in the hemocyte lineage and becomes more prominent in glial cells of the PNS and CNS. The staining pattern appears d fferent in the thoracic and abdominal segments reflecting the different organization of the glial cells. No signal is observed in cells migrating from the procephalic mesoderm after stage 11.

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

gcm transcripts are expressed in glial precursors and immature glial cells during a short period of gliogenesis. Expression is first detected in early stage 11 in the longitudinal glioblast. By mid stage 11, 2-3 other cells per hemisegment express gcm. Two of these have been identified as NB6-4 and the medial-most cell body glial cell (VUM support cell). By early stage 12, expression is detected in several other cells which are also developing glial cells. Expression fades during stage 12 and is hardly detectable in stage 13. Enhancer trap expression was used to trace the gcm-expressing cells to later developmental stages. It was found that gcm is expressed in all glial precursors and immature glial cells except those derived from the mesectoderm. Outside of the CNS, gcm is expressed in the most anterior region of the presumptive mesoderm beginning at the cellular blastoderm stage, in the brain neurogenic region, and in the PNS neurogenic region.

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

gcm transcripts are initially expressed in an anterior ventral patch in the cellular blastoderm embryo. During gastrulation, these cells invaginate at the end of the ventral furrow just anterior to the cephalic furrow in an area that gives rise to the cephalic mesoderm. Cephalic expression fades after stage 10. During stages 11-12, in each hemisegment, two patches of 3-5 ectodermal cells sequentially and transiently express gcm. From each patch, a single large blast cell delaminates and maintains gcm expression. These are tentatively identified as the peripheral glioblast and the longitudinal glioblast. By late stage 11, all of the progeny of these glioblasts as well as additional glial cells express gcm. Glial expression is gone by stage 15. In the brain lobes, gcm is expressed in a complex pattern through stage 17. In the PNS, gcm is transiently expressed in all repo-positive glia along peripheral axon pathways and associated with sensory organs.

(Jones et al., 1995)

Marker for

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

(Mondal et al., 2007)

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

sense organ

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

embryonic stage 10 -- 14

longitudinal glial cell

(Ho et al., 2009)

embryonic stage 11 -- 14

embryonic ventral nerve cord | restricted

(Ho et al., 2009, Jones et al., 1995)

(Ho et al., 2009)

(Jones et al., 1995)

developing marginal glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

epithelial glial cell | precursor

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina anlage

(Chotard et al., 2005)

embryonic/larval optic lobe

(Chotard et al., 2005)

embryonic/larval eye disc marginal glial cell | precursor

(Chotard et al., 2005)

embryonic/larval epithelial glial cell | precursor

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina forming neuroblast

(Chotard et al., 2005)

Additional Descriptive Data

gcm is first detected in stage 10 embryos in one lateral cell thought to be a longitudinal glial cell. In stage 11 and 13 embryos, it is expressed in a number of CNS precursor cells including glial cells. By stage 15 staining has tailed off and is observed in scattered puncta.

(Takemori and Yamamoto, 2009)

In the larval visual system, gcm protein is expressed not only in specific glial subtypes, but also in the lineage that gives rise to lamina neurons.

(Chotard et al., 2005)

gcm protein is detected in nuclei in a subset of cells in the glial precursor cell areas at the margin of the lamina and in lamina precursor cells.

(Chotard et al., 2005)

gcm protein is initially expressed in an anterior ventral patch in the cellular blastoderm embryo. During gastrulation, these cells invaginate at the end of the ventral furrow just anterior to the cephalic furrow in an area that gives rise to the cephalic mesoderm. Cephalic expression fades after stage 10. During stages 11-12, in each hemisegment, two patches of 3-5 ectodermal cells sequentially and transiently express gcm. From each patch, a single large blast cell delaminates and maintains gcm expression. These are tentatively identified as the peripheral glioblast and the longitudinal glioblast. By late stage 11, all of the progeny of these glioblasts as well as additional glial cells express gcm and expression is gone by stage 15. In the brain lobes, gcm is expressed in a complex pattern through stage 17. In the PNS, gcm is transiently expressed in all repo-positive glia along peripheral axon pathways and associated with sensory organs.

(Jones et al., 1995)

Marker for

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Laneve et al., 2013, Jones et al., 1995)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporter: M{gcm-FLAG.BAC}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 5 -- 9

(Laneve et al., 2013)

embryonic stage 9

embryonic hemocyte primordium

(Laneve et al., 2013)

embryonic stage 10 -- 14

(Laneve et al., 2013)

embryonic stage 11 -- 13

glial cell | subset of larval ventral nerve cord

(Laneve et al., 2013)

embryonic stage 11 -- 14

larval ventral nerve cord

(Laneve et al., 2013)

embryonic stage 12

tendon cell

(Laneve et al., 2013)

embryonic stage 13

(Laneve et al., 2013)

glial cell | subset of larval brain

(Laneve et al., 2013)

neuron | subset of larval brain

(Laneve et al., 2013)

larval brain | lateral | restricted

(Laneve et al., 2013)

Reporter: P{GawB}gcm^rA87.C

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic/larval hemocyte

(Reitman et al., 2015)

(Reitman et al., 2015)

embryonic stage 11 -- first instar larval stage

(Dumstrei et al., 2003)

larval stage -- pupal stage

neuropil glial cell

(Kato et al., 2020)

developing marginal glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

epithelial glial cell | precursor

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina anlage

(Chotard et al., 2005, Ting et al., 2005)

adult medulla neuropil associated glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

epithelial glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

adult lamina marginal glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina monopolar neuron

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina monopolar neuron L1

(Chotard et al., 2005, Ting et al., 2005)

lamina monopolar neuron L2

(Chotard et al., 2005, Ting et al., 2005)

lamina monopolar neuron L3

(Chotard et al., 2005, Ting et al., 2005)

lamina monopolar neuron L4

(Chotard et al., 2005, Ting et al., 2005)

lamina monopolar neuron L5

(Chotard et al., 2005, Ting et al., 2005)

lamina anlage glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

embryonic/larval eye disc marginal glial cell | precursor

(Chotard et al., 2005)

embryonic/larval eye disc marginal glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

embryonic/larval epithelial glial cell | precursor

(Chotard et al., 2005)

embryonic/larval epithelial glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina furrow | posterior to

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina forming neuroblast

(Chotard et al., 2005)

medulla

(Chotard et al., 2005)

Reporter: P{GawB}gcm^rA87.P

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 11

(Cho et al., 2002)

embryonic stage 8

(Trébuchet et al., 2019)

first instar larval stage -- third instar larval stage

(Sears et al., 2003)

embryonic stage 14

glial cell | subset

(Freeman et al., 2003)

larval prothoracic A-subperineurial glial cell

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

larval mesothoracic A-subperineurial glial cell

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

larval metathoracic A-subperineurial glial cell

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

adult medulla neuropil associated glial cell

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

larval brain | restricted

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

larval ventral midline glial cell

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

larval ventral nerve cord | restricted

Comment: four pairs of neurons within the dorsal region

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007)

pupal stage

presumptive spermatheca

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

adult stage | female

spermatheca

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

Reporter: P{gcm-GAL4.6}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

larval brain | restricted

(Laneve et al., 2013)

glial cell | subset of larval central nervous system

(Laneve et al., 2013)

(Laneve et al., 2013)

Reporter: P{PZ}gcm^P

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

peripheral nervous system

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

medial-most cell body glial cell

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

neuroblast NB6-4

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

embryonic longitudinal glial cell | precursor

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

(Hosoya et al., 1995)

Reporter: P{PZ}gcm^rA87

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995, Klaes et al., 1994)

(Jones et al., 1995)

(Jones et al., 1995)

glial cell of peripheral nervous system

(Jones et al., 1995)

sense organ

(Jones et al., 1995)

CNS glial cell

(Klaes et al., 1994)

(Jones et al., 1995)

embryonic stage 8

embryonic/larval hemocyte

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

embryonic stage 9 -- 17

(Bernardoni et al., 1997)

embryonic stage 11

(Jones et al., 1995)

larval brain | restricted

(Laneve et al., 2013)

glial cell | subset of larval central nervous system

(Laneve et al., 2013)

embryonic stage 16

(Laneve et al., 2013)

developing marginal glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

epithelial glial cell | precursor

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina anlage

(Chotard et al., 2005)

adult medulla neuropil associated glial cell

(Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007, Chotard et al., 2005)

epithelial glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

adult lamina marginal glial cell

(Chotard et al., 2005)

lamina monopolar neuron

(Chotard et al., 2005)

early third instar larval stage

glial cell of neuroblast DPMm1

Comment: 85h AEL

(Viktorin et al., 2011)

wandering third instar larval stage

glial cell of larval brain

(Viktorin et al., 2011)

glial cell of intermediate neuronal progenitor

(Viktorin et al., 2011)

neuroglioblast

(Bernardoni et al., 1999)

Reporter: P{sgcm-GAL4}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte | variable

glial cell | variable

(Hidalgo and Booth, 2000)

glioblast

(Hidalgo et al., 2001)

neuroblast MP2 | variable

(Booth et al., 2000)

(Hidalgo and Booth, 2000)

glioblast | variable

(Hidalgo and Booth, 2000)

embryonic stage 12 -- 17

cell body glial cell | lateral | variable

(Booth et al., 2000)

glioblast | lateral | variable

(Booth et al., 2000)

glial cell | lateral | variable

(Booth et al., 2000)

CNS surface glial cell | lateral | variable

(Booth et al., 2000)

embryonic stage 13

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte | variable

(Booth et al., 2000)

embryonic stage 14 -- 16

glial cell | variable

(Kinrade et al., 2001)

embryonic stage 16

neuron | variable

(Booth et al., 2000)

embryonic stage 16 -- 17

neuron | variable

(Hidalgo and Booth, 2000)

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\gcm in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\gcm

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\gcm

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0014179

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

34277/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0014179

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0014179

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0014179

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0014179

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\gcm

Stages(s) 4-6
Stages(s) 7-8
Stages(s) 9-10
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 36 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 37 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of gcm

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of gcm

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 26 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 26 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(2L)30A-C

(Kahsai and Cook, 2018, Hosoya et al., 1995, Kania et al., 1995, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)132

(Soustelle et al., 2004, Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001, Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)166

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)169

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)176

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)200

(Bataille et al., 2005, Ricard et al., 2001, Jones et al., 1995, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)210

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)232

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)255

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)Exel7042

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Df(2L)γ1

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ4

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ5

(Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ7

(Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ12

(Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ25

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ27

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ29

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)N22-3

(Kahsai and Cook, 2018)

Df(2L)N22-5

(Kahsai and Cook, 2018)

Df(2L)TE2

(Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Tp(2;2)Pyx

(van de Bor et al., 2002)

Gene not disrupted in

Df(2L)30A-C

(BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)

Df(2L)50

(Ricard et al., 2001)

Df(2L)A4

(Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)γ15

(Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Df(2L)Tw2

(Lane and Kalderon, 1993)

Inferred from location ( 10 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

gcm^DN.UAS

lethal (with Df(2L)30A-C)

lethal (with Df(2L)132)

gcm^rA87.P

lethal (with Df(2L)N22-3)

gcm^rA87

lethal (with Df(2L)N22-5)

gcm^rA87

lethal | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

lethal | male limited, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

lethal | male limited | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die before end of larval stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^lama-A8

gcm^UAS.cJa

lethal - all die during embryonic stage

gcm^rA87

lethal - all die during embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

gcm^UAS.cBa

lethal - all die during embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive

partially lethal - majority die | recessive

gcm^rA87.P

viable

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

gcm^GD1452

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

gcm^GD1452

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

gcm^GD1452

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

gcm^GD1452

Sterility

Allele

female semi-sterile

gcm^rA87.P

female semi-sterile (with gcm^rA87.P)

gcm^rA87

female semi-sterile (with gcm^rA87)

gcm^rA87.P

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal developmental rate

gcm^ΔP1

abnormal neuroanatomy

abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

gcm^UAS.cJa

abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4^sca-T3

gcm^UAS.cHa

abnormal neuroanatomy (with gcm¹³⁰⁸)

abnormal neuroanatomy (with gcm^G78)

abnormal neuroanatomy (with gcm^ΔP1)

abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage (with Df(2L)132)

gcm^rA87.P

abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive

gcm¹

abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive | somatic clone

abnormal neuroanatomy | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

gcm^UAS.cBa

abnormal neuroanatomy | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^GMR9D11

gcm^UAS.cBa

abnormal neuroanatomy | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL

gcm^UAS.cBa

abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^repo.PU

gcm^UAS.cJa

abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

abnormal neurophysiology

gcm^N7-4

decreased cell number | adult stage

gcm^rA87.P

decreased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P

decreased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^lz-gal4

gcm^JF01075

decreased cell number | adult stage (with gcm^rA87.P)

gcm^rA87

decreased cell number | adult stage (with gcm^rA87)

gcm^rA87.P

decreased cell number | embryonic stage

gcm^N7-4

decreased cell number | P-stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

gcm^UAS.cJa

decreased fecundity | female (with gcm^rA87.P)

gcm^rA87

decreased fecundity | female (with gcm^rA87)

gcm^rA87.P

increased cell death | recessive

gcm^ΔP1

increased cell number | adult stage

gcm^rA87.P

increased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P

gcm^UAS.cBa

increased cell number | embryonic stage

gcm^N7-4

increased cell number | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^sca.PU

increased cell number | embryonic stage | temperature conditional, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PU

increased cell number | larval stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

gcm^UAS.cJa

increased cell number | P-stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

gcm^KK102493

increased occurrence of cell division | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P

gcm^UAS.cBa

melanotic mass phenotype, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

gcm^DN.UAS

melanotic mass phenotype, with Scer\GAL4^ppl.PP

gcm^DN.UAS

melanotic mass phenotype | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

some die during embryonic stage

gcm^rA87

some die during embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

gcm^UAS.cBa

some die during embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

some die during embryonic stage | recessive

some die during larval stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

some die during pupal stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

some die during second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^lama-A8

gcm^UAS.cJa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^KK102493

visible (with gcm^N7-4)

gcm^Pyx

visible (with gcm^Pyx)

gcm^N7-4

visible | dominant

gcm^Pyx

visible | female limited, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

visible | female limited | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

visible | heat sensitive

gcm^hs.PB

visible | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

visible | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

gcm^UAS.cvdBa

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

abdominal 1 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal 2 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal 3 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal 4 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal 5 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal 6 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal 7 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 | embryonic stage 16

gcm^N7-4

abdominal segment 1

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal segment 2

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal segment 3

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal segment 4

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal segment 5

gcm^ΔP1

abdominal segment 6

gcm^ΔP1

adult medulla neuropil associated glial cell | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

adult optic lobe | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

gcm^UAS.cJa

axon | embryonic stage

gcm¹

bipolar dendrite neuron, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

gcm^UAS.cJa

campaniform sensillum L3-3 of wing vein L3, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

central nervous system

chaeta | increased number

gcm^Pyx

chordotonal organ | lateral

gcm^k08412

CNS glial cell

crystal cell primordium, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cJa

dendrite

gcm¹

dMP2 neuron

embryonic/larval crystal cell

gcm^N7-4

embryonic/larval crystal cell, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cJa

embryonic/larval crystal cell, with Scer\GAL4^lz-gal4

gcm^UAS.cBa

embryonic/larval ganglionic tracheal branch

gcm^rA87

embryonic/larval hemocyte | ectopic

gcm^hs.PB

embryonic/larval hemocyte | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

gcm^UAS.cBa

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte

gcm³⁴

embryonic/larval peritracheal cell (with Df(2L)132)

gcm³⁴

gcm^rA87

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^lz-gal4

gcm^UAS.cBa

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

embryonic abdominal ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group

gcm^ΔP1

embryonic brain, with Scer\GAL4^repo.PU

gcm^UAS.cJa

embryonic central brain glial cell

embryonic central brain glial cell (with gcm¹³⁰⁸)

embryonic central brain glial cell (with gcm^G78)

embryonic central brain glial cell (with gcm^ΔP1)

embryonic epidermis, with Scer\GAL4^69B

gcm^UAS.cHa

embryonic epidermis, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

gcm^UAS.cHa

embryonic epidermis | dorsal, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

gcm^UAS.cBa

embryonic mandibular segment

gcm⁵

gcm^N7-4

embryonic maxillary segment

gcm^N7-4

embryonic neuroblast

embryonic thoracic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group

gcm^ΔP1

eye photoreceptor cell stalk | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^bi-omb-Gal4

gcm^DN.UAS

fascicle | embryonic stage

gcm^ΔP1

glial cell, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P

gcm^UAS.cBa

glial cell | somatic clone

gcm^N7-4

glial cell | somatic clone | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

gcm^UAS.cBa

glial cell | somatic clone | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^GMR9D11

gcm^UAS.cBa

glial cell | somatic clone | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL

gcm^UAS.cBa

glioblast

glioblast, with Scer\GAL4^sca-T3

gcm^UAS.cBa

intermediate longitudinal fascicle

gcm^ΔP1

lamellocyte | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

lamina | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^bi-omb-Gal4

gcm^DN.UAS

larval abdominal lch5 neuron

gcm^ΔP1

larval anterior commissure, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

larval DA1 motor neuron

gcm^ΔP1

larval exit glial cell

gcm¹

larval intersegmental nerve

larval glial cell (with Df(2L)132)

gcm^rA87.P

larval glial cell (with gcm¹)

gcm^P

larval glial cell (with gcm^P)

gcm¹

larval glial cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

gcm^UAS.cJa

larval glial cell | ectopic | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

gcm^UAS.cJa

larval glial cell | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^sca.PU

larval glial cell | embryonic stage | temperature conditional, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PU

larval glial cell | precursor

gcm^ΔP1

larval longitudinal connective

larval longitudinal connective (with gcm¹)

gcm^P

larval longitudinal connective (with gcm^P)

gcm¹

larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage

larval nervous system

larval neuron

gcm^ΔP1

larval neuron, with Scer\GAL4^sca-T3

gcm^UAS.cHa

larval posterior commissure, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

larval prothoracic lch3 neuron

gcm^ΔP1

larval segmental nerve

gcm¹

larval somatic muscle cell

gcm¹

larval somatic muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

larval somatic muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PG

gcm^UAS.cHa

larval ventral nerve cord, with Scer\GAL4^repo.PU

gcm^UAS.cJa

larval ventral nerve cord, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

larval visceral muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4^twi.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

lch5 ligament attachment cell | embryonic stage 16

gcm^N7-4

macrochaeta | increased number

gcm^Pyx

medulla cortex & glial cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

gcm^UAS.cJa

melanotic mass, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

gcm^DN.UAS

melanotic mass, with Scer\GAL4^ppl.PP

gcm^DN.UAS

melanotic mass | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B

gcm^DN.UAS

mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary (with gcm^N7-4)

gcm^Pyx

mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary (with gcm^Pyx)

gcm^N7-4

mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary | conditional ts

gcm^hs.PB

mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary | conditional ts, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

metathoracic laterotergite & macrochaeta | supernumerary

gcm^Pyx

nerve | embryonic stage

neuroblast | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^sca-T3

gcm^UAS.cBa

neuroblast NB6-4 | ectopic

gcm^N7-4

neuron, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

gcm^UAS.cHa

neuron | embryonic stage

gcm¹

neuropil glial cell | somatic clone

gcm^ΔP1

optic neuroblast | P-stage | decreased number | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

gcm^UAS.cJa

optic neuroblast | P-stage | increased number | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

gcm^KK102493

outer photoreceptor cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

gcm^UAS.cJa

pCC neuron

gcm¹

presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system

gcm¹

presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

gcm^UAS.cHa

presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system

gcm^k08412

scolopidial ligament cell | embryonic stage 16

gcm^N7-4

scutellum & macrochaeta | supernumerary

gcm^Pyx

scutum & macrochaeta | supernumerary

gcm^Pyx

segmental nerve pioneer neuron

gcm^ΔP1

sense organ & wing

gcm^rA87

sense organ | ectopic

gcm^rA87

sensory neuron

gcm^ΔP1

spermatheca

gcm^rA87.P

spermatheca, with Scer\GAL4^gcm-rA87.P

spermatheca, with Scer\GAL4^lz-gal4

spermatheca (with gcm^rA87.P)

gcm^rA87

spermatheca (with gcm^rA87)

gcm^rA87.P

spermatheca | somatic clone

gcm³⁴

subperineurial glial cell

gcm^N7-4

subperineurial glial cell | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^sca-4512

gcm^UAS.cBa

support cell of the dorsal bipolar dendritic cell

gcm^ΔP1

symmetrical commissure

symmetrical commissure | embryonic stage

gcm¹

thoracic neuroblast NB6-4, with Scer\GAL4^eg-Mz360

gcm^UAS.cBa

thoracic neuroblast NB6-4, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

gcm^UAS.cHa

thoracic neuroblast NB6-4, with Scer\GAL4^sca-4512

gcm^UAS.cBa

type II neuroblast | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

gcm^UAS.cBa

type II neuroblast | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^GMR9D11

gcm^UAS.cBa

type II neuroblast | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL

gcm^UAS.cBa

ventral longitudinal muscle cell | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

gcm^DN.UAS

ventral longitudinal muscle cell | embryonic stage (with Df(2L)132)

gcm^N7-4

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^KK102493

wing & neuron | supernumerary | somatic clone

gcm^N7-4

wing & sensillum campaniformium | supernumerary | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

gcm^UAS.cvdBa

wing & thecogen cell | somatic clone

gcm^N7-4

wing | female limited, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

wing | female limited | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

gcm^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

wing margin

gcm^rA87

wing sensillum | ectopic | heat sensitive

gcm^hs.PB

wing sensillum | ectopic | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

gcm^UAS.cBa

wing sensillum | somatic clone | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

gcm^UAS.cvdBa

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (2)

Hsap\GCM2

9 of 14

Yes

Hsap\GCM1

7 of 14

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)

Rnor\Gcm2

10 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Gcm1

7 of 14

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)

Mmus\Gcm2

10 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Gcm1

7 of 14

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)

Xtro\gcm2

6 of 13

Yes

Xtro\gcm1

5 of 13

Yes

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)

Drer\gcm2

9 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP007782

4 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP007783

4 of 12

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:gcm. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)

gcm2

7 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

hypoparathyroidism, familial isolated 2

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

gcm³⁴

model of infertility

CEA

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

gcm^rA87

model of infertility

CEA with gcm^rA87.P

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

gcm^rA87.P

model of infertility

CEA

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

CEA with gcm^rA87

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

gcm^{R59L.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

model of hypoparathyroidism

CEA

(Xi et al., 2017)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

gcm^UAS.cBa

ameliorates infertility

modeled by gcm^rA87.P

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

modeled by gcm^rA87.P, gcm^rA87

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

gcm^rA87.P

model of infertility

is ameliorated by gcm^UAS.cBa

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

gcm^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

ameliorates central nervous system cancer

modeled by N^CA.UAS.cUa

(Magadi et al., 2020)

modeled by E(spl)m8-HLH^UAS.Tag:HA, dpn^UAS.Tag:HA

(Magadi et al., 2020)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

GCM2; glial cells missing transcription factor 2

9 of 14

GLIAL CELLS MISSING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2; GCM2

GCM1; glial cells missing transcription factor 1

7 of 14

603715

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-RNA

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

gcm - mir-279

anti tag western blot, necessary binding region, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, western blot

(Laneve et al., 2013)

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

gcm - CG12075

(Shokri et al., 2019)

gcm - CG2926

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - CG7963

(Shokri et al., 2019)

gcm - Doc3

(Shokri et al., 2019)

gcm - Hr3

(Shokri et al., 2019)

gcm - Hr78

(Shokri et al., 2019)

gcm - Kap-α1

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - MEP-1

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - Mical

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - Pen

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - Pkc53E

(Xi et al., 2017)

gcm - Slik

two hybrid, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - Su(var)2-10

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - Uba2

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - Zcchc7

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - ago

(Ho et al., 2009)

gcm - br

(Shokri et al., 2019)

gcm - chn

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - indra

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - nej

(Flici et al., 2014, Sorge et al., 2012)

gcm - phol

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Jacques et al., 2009)

gcm - repo

(Flici et al., 2014)

gcm - slmb

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Xi et al., 2017, Ho et al., 2009)

gcm - slp1

pull down, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation

(Mondal et al., 2007)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

AGO1

(Laneve et al., 2013, Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

ash1

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

brat

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

brm

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

btl

(Crowner et al., 2003)

suppressible

crol

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

Dfd

(Stöbe et al., 2009)

suppressible

dome

(Jacques et al., 2009)

suppressible

E2f2

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

E(bx)

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

E(z)

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

esc

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

esg

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

fru

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

gcm2

(Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001)

suppressible

hkb

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

hkb

(De Iaco et al., 2006)

suppressible

hop

(Jacques et al., 2009)

suppressible

Hr39

(Cattenoz et al., 2016)

suppressible

l(2)gd1

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

lilli

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

lola

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

mid

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

nej

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

osa

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

osa

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

osa|brm

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

pim

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

psq

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

repo

(Yuasa et al., 2003)

enhanceable

repo

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

robo1

(Kinrade and Hidalgo, 2004)

robo1|gcm

enhanceable

robo2

(Kinrade and Hidalgo, 2004)

enhanceable

robo2

(Kinrade and Hidalgo, 2004)

suppressible

sna

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

Stat92E

(Jacques et al., 2009)

suppressible

Su(H)

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

trx

(Popkova et al., 2012)

enhanceable

ttk

(Popkova et al., 2012)

suppressible

upd1

(Jacques et al., 2009)

suppressible

upd3

(Jacques et al., 2009)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Dfd

enhanceable

(Stöbe et al., 2009)

enhanceable

(Kucherenko et al., 2008)

Dys

enhanceable

(Kucherenko et al., 2008)

hkb

enhanceable

(De Iaco et al., 2006)

robo1

enhanceable

(Kinrade and Hidalgo, 2004)

slmb|ago

suppressible

(Ho et al., 2009)

enhanceable