FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\sina
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\sina
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
seven in absentia
Annotation Symbol
CG9949
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003410
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
19 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
Gene Summary
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is required for specification of R7 photoreceptor cell fate in the eye by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Tramtrack (ttk) (PubMed:11526076, PubMed:12215542, PubMed:18160715, PubMed:9267026, PubMed:9267027). E3 Ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:12215542). Acts via the formation of a complex with ebi and phyl that ubiquitinates the transcription repressor ttk, a general inhibitor of photoreceptor differentiation, in a subset of photoreceptor cells in the eye, leading to the differentiation of cells into neurons (PubMed:11526076, PubMed:12215542, PubMed:9267026, PubMed:9267027). Also involved in external sensory organ development (PubMed:11526076). (UniProt, P21461)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
73D2-73D3
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-45
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:16853751..16858712
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q27934
(Boulton et al., 2000)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:eff; FB:FBgn0011217
(Tang et al., 1997)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:phyl; FB:FBgn0013725
(Tang et al., 1997)
enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Bajpe et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000817023
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000817023
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables ubiquitin-protein transferase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q8IUQ4
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables zinc ion binding
inferred from sequence model
(Ying et al., 2011)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR013010
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in enteroendocrine cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yin and Xi, 2018)
involved_in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from direct assay
(Bajpe et al., 2008, Boulton et al., 2000)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Li et al., 2002)
involved_in proteasomal protein catabolic process
inferred from direct assay
(Cooper et al., 2008)
involved_in proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 1997)
involved_in protein ubiquitination
inferred from direct assay
(Bajpe et al., 2008)
involved_in R7 cell fate commitment
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Li et al., 2002, Hirota et al., 1999, Carthew et al., 1994)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:phyl; FB:FBgn0013725
(Tang et al., 1997)
involved_in regulation of R7 cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
involved_in sensory organ development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pi et al., 2001)
involved_in sevenless signaling pathway
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sev; FB:FBgn0003366
(Kauffmann et al., 1996, Dickson et al., 1992)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ras85D; FB:FBgn0003205
(Carthew et al., 1994)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sina; FB:FBgn0003410
(Li et al., 1997)
involved_in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:lwr; FB:FBgn0010602
(Hu et al., 1997)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000817023
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004162, InterPro:IPR018121
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Hu et al., 1997, Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
part_of ubiquitin ligase complex
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000817023
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR018121
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family. (P21461)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
ubiquitin protein ligase activity
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED RING DOMAIN UBIQUITIN LIGASES -
This group comprises RING domain ubiquitin ligases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Pathway (FlyBase)
SEVENLESS SIGNALING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -
The specification of the R7 photoreceptor cell in each ommatidium of the developing Drosophila eye is dependent on activation of Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase, which acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade to promote the expression of lz and pros. sev, expressed in presumptive R7 cells, is activated by binding to Bride of Sevenless (boss), a seven-transmembrane protein expressed in R8 cells. (Adapted from FBrf0127283 and FBrf0221727).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is required for specification of R7 photoreceptor cell fate in the eye by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Tramtrack (ttk) (PubMed:11526076, PubMed:12215542, PubMed:18160715, PubMed:9267026, PubMed:9267027). E3 Ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:12215542). Acts via the formation of a complex with ebi and phyl that ubiquitinates the transcription repressor ttk, a general inhibitor of photoreceptor differentiation, in a subset of photoreceptor cells in the eye, leading to the differentiation of cells into neurons (PubMed:11526076, PubMed:12215542, PubMed:9267026, PubMed:9267027). Also involved in external sensory organ development (PubMed:11526076).
(UniProt, P21461)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
sina: seven in absentia (R. Carthew)
Photoreceptor cell R7 of eye transformed into a cone cell, resulting in the absence of R7 in adult ommatidia. In amorphic alleles, 40% of ommatidia also missing an additional photoreceptor cell and 10% of ommatidia also missing two photoreceptor cells. Eyes weakly rough; ocelli appear normal. Adult bristles sometimes missing and sometimes duplicated, arising from a common socket; occasionally three bristles arise from a common socket. Wings sometimes held outstretched. Adults eclose normally but fail to survive after 24 h; display lethargic behavior and are not fertile, though mature sperm and ova are produced.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

targets proteins to degradation - C3HC4 RING zinc-finger motif

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\sina for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P21461)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
sina-RA
FBtr0075332
NM_057377
3191
314
sina-RB
FBtr0075333
NM_168689
2482
314
sina-RC
FBtr0344230
NM_001300160
3124
314
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.3 (northern blot)

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
sina-PA
FBpp0075091
33.7
314
6.81
P21461
NP_476725
AAF49403
sina-PB
FBpp0075092
33.7
314
6.81
P21461
NP_730206
AAN11744
sina-PC
FBpp0310636
33.7
314
6.81
P21461
NP_001287089
AHN58114
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

314 aa isoforms: sina-PA, sina-PB, sina-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

314 (aa); 34 (kD predicted)

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of some E3 complex at least composed of sina, ebi and phyl. Interacts with eff.

(UniProt, P21461)
Domain

The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.

The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.

(UniProt, P21461)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\sina using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

3.92

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data

sina transcripts are expressed throughout the Drosophila life cycle with a peak in pupal stages.

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
photoreceptor cell R1 | presumptive
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
embryonic/larval fat body
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
cone cell
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
five-cell ommatidial precursor cluster
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
photoreceptor cell R6 | presumptive
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
peripodial epithelium of eye-antennal disc
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
eye-antennal disc
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
peripodial epithelium of leg disc
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
photoreceptor cell R7 | presumptive
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
peripodial epithelium
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
photoreceptor cell R4 | presumptive
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
eye disc morphogenetic furrow | anterior to
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
photoreceptor cell R3 | presumptive
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
peripodial epithelium of wing disc
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
eye disc posterior to the morphogenetic furrow
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
pupal stage P7
cone cell

Comment: reference states 40 hr APF

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
ommatidium

Comment: reference states 40 hr APF

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
photoreceptor cell R1 -- photoreceptor cell R8

Comment: reference states 40 hr APF

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
pigment cell

Comment: reference states 40 hr APF

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
retina

Comment: reference states 40 hr APF

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data

sina protein is expressed in the eye imaginal disc. A low level of staining is observed all over the disc with an elevated level in a stripe just anterior to the morphogenetic furrow and in subsets of cells posterior to the furrow. Staining was especially prominant in large rounded cells located on the apical surface of the epithelium that are thought to be cells undergoing mitosis just anterior and posterior to the furrow. Staining extends from the furrow to the posterior end of the disc and is intense in cells associated with developing ommatidia. The earliest stage of strong sina protein expression is at the five-cell precluster stage, three columns back from the furrow at which time strong sina expression is seen in R3 and R4 precursor cells. After the precluster stage, R1 and R6 cells stain as they associate with the cluster followed by staining of the R7 precursor cell. The nuclei of the cone cells also stain intensely as they join the cluster. As ommatidial development progresses, staining remains strong in cone cells, R3, R4, and R7. In addition, staining is observed in the peripodial epithelia of the eye-antennal, wing and leg discs as well as in midgut, hindgut, and fat tissues. In retinas from 40hr pupae, staining is evident in all ommatidial cells, including cone cells, photoreceptor cells R1-R8, and pigment cells.

(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Hu et al., 1997, Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
part_of ubiquitin ligase complex
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 2002)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\sina in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 18 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 11 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of sina
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of sina
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 15 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable (with sina2)
viable (with sina3)
viable | recessive
Sterility
Allele
female semi-fertile (with sina3)
female semi-fertile (with sinaA4)
female semi-sterile
female semi-sterile, with Df(3L)sinaSH
female sterile
male sterile
sterile | recessive
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal behavior | adult stage
abnormal meiotic cell cycle | adult stage
abnormal meiotic cell cycle | adult stage, with Df(3L)sinaSH
abnormal meiotic cell cycle | female (with sina3)
abnormal meiotic cell cycle | female (with sinaA4)
abnormal meiotic cell cycle | oogenesis (with Df(3L)sinaSH)
decreased cell number | adult stage | somatic clone
decreased rate of movement
short lived
uncoordinated
visible
visible (with sina2)
visible (with sina3)
visible | adult stage
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult abdominal segment 3 & chaeta (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & chaeta (with sina3)
adult abdominal segment 3 & microchaeta (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & microchaeta (with sina3)
adult abdominal segment 3 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with sina3)
adult abdominal segment 3 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with sina3)
adult abdominal segment 4 & chaeta (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & chaeta (with sina3)
adult abdominal segment 4 & microchaeta (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & microchaeta (with sina3)
adult abdominal segment 4 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with sina3)
adult abdominal segment 4 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with sina2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with sina3)
adult midgut | somatic clone
chaeta
chaeta | ectopic
chromosome, centromeric region
chromosome, centromeric region, with Df(3L)sinaSH
cone cell
dorsal row of double row of wing sensilla
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage | somatic clone
eo neuron | embryonic stage
external sensory organ (with sina2)
external sensory organ (with sina3)
eye
eye (with sina2)
eye (with sina3)
eye photoreceptor cell
female germline cyst | oogenesis
female germline cyst | oogenesis (with sina3)
female germline cyst | oogenesis (with sinaA4)
female germline cyst | oogenesis stage S1, with Df(3L)sinaSH
female germline cyst | oogenesis stage S1 (with Df(3L)sinaSH)
macrochaeta
medial row of triple row of wing sensilla
mesothoracic tergum & chaeta (with sina2)
mesothoracic tergum & chaeta (with sina3)
mesothoracic tergum & microchaeta (with sina2)
mesothoracic tergum & microchaeta (with sina3)
mesothoracic tergum & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with sina2)
mesothoracic tergum & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with sina3)
mesothoracic tergum & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with sina2)
mesothoracic tergum & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with sina3)
microchaeta
nurse cell, with Df(3L)sinaSH
ommatidium
ommatidium (with sina2)
ommatidium (with sina3)
oocyte
oocyte, with Df(3L)sinaSH
photoreceptor cell R1 | somatic clone | increased number
photoreceptor cell R1 | third instar larval stage (with sina2)
photoreceptor cell R1 | third instar larval stage (with sina3)
photoreceptor cell R6 | third instar larval stage (with sina2)
photoreceptor cell R6 | third instar larval stage (with sina3)
photoreceptor cell R7
photoreceptor cell R7 (with sina2)
photoreceptor cell R7 (with sina3)
photoreceptor cell R7 | third instar larval stage (with sina2)
photoreceptor cell R7 | third instar larval stage (with sina3)
photoreceptor cell R8 of pale ommatidium (with sina2)
photoreceptor cell R8 of pale ommatidium (with sina3)
pigment cell
presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
synaptonemal complex | oogenesis, with Df(3L)sinaSH
synaptonemal complex | oogenesis (with Df(3L)sinaSH)
synaptonemal complex | oogenesis (with sina3)
synaptonemal complex | oogenesis (with sinaA4)
synaptonemal complex | oogenesis stage S1
synaptonemal complex | oogenesis stage S1, with Df(3L)sinaSH
thecogen cell | embryonic stage
trichogen cell | increased number (with sina2)
trichogen cell | increased number (with sina3)
wing
wing margin bristle
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (19)
Hsap\SIAH1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\SIAH2
11 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\SIAH3
4 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\CYHR1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PDZRN3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PDZRN4
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RNF41
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\RNF114
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\RNF138
1 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\RNF151
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRAF3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRAF4
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRAF5
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRAF6
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRIM6
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TRIM8
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TRIM22
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TRIM50
1 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TRIM62
1 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (16)
Rnor\Siah1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Siah2
11 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Siah3
4 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Cyhr1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pdzrn3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Rnf41
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Rnf114
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Rnf138
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Rnf151
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Rnf166
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Traf3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Traf4
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Traf5
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Trim8
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Trim50
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Trim62
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (17)
Mmus\Siah1a
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Siah1b
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Siah2
10 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Siah3
4 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Cyhr1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pdzrn3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rnf41
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rnf114
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Rnf138
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Rnf151
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rnf166
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Traf3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Traf4
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Traf5
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Trim8
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Trim50
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Trim62
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (13)
Xtro\siah1
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\siah2
5 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\pmt
4 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC100485004
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pdzrn3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rnf41
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rnf151
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\siah3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\traf3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\traf5
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\trim8
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\trim69.1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\xnf7
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (16)
Drer\siah1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\siah2l
11 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\cyhr1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\pdzrn3a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pdzrn3b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\rag1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\rnf41
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\rnf41l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\rnf151
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\traf3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\traf4a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\traf4b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\traf6
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\traf7
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\trim35-40
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\trim108
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\siah-1
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\spat-3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\trf-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (8)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006127
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002322
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011871
4 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000377
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002264
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002323
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001882
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003004
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (17)
Atha\AT2G41980
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT3G61790
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G27880
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G53360
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\SINAT2
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT3G13672
9 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G66610
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G66620
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G66630
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G66650
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G66660
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G37870
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G37890
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G37900
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G37910
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G37930
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G62800
2 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:sina. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (8)
sinah
10 of 13
CG2681
4 of 13
CG34375
3 of 13
CG6688
2 of 13
CG32486
2 of 13
CG9014
1 of 13
elgi
1 of 13
Traf6
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    SIAH1; siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
    13 of 14
    602212
       
      SIAH2; siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2
      11 of 14
      602213
           
          SIAH3; siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3
          4 of 14
          615609
              Functional Complementation Data
              Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
              Interactions
              Summary of Physical Interactions
              Interaction Browsers
              View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
              Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
              protein-protein
              Physical Interaction
              Assay
              References
              sina
              pull down, autoradiography, two hybrid
              (Li et al., 1997, Tang et al., 1997)
              sina - CG13204
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG14185
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG15772
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG2147
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG30431
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG31678
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG32643
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG3473
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG4375
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG5011
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG5674
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG7332
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - CG7991
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Dp
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Dyb
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - E(spl)mγ-HLH
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Eb1
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Klp98A
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Mcm10
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - PolZ2
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Sag1
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - SmB
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Ubc4
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Uev1A
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - Vta1
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - ac
              pull down, autoradiography, three hybrid
              (Chang et al., 2008)
              sina - bip1
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - disco
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - ebi
              pull down, autoradiography, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
              (Cooper, 2007)
              sina - eff
              two hybrid
              (Tang et al., 1997)
              sina - ems
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - hb
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - lin-28
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - lwr
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 1997)
              sina - phyl
              pull down, autoradiography, two hybrid, three hybrid, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
              (Chang et al., 2008, Cooper et al., 2008, Li et al., 1997, Tang et al., 1997, Kauffmann et al., 1996)
              sina - promL
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - rin
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - sc
              pull down, autoradiography
              (Chang et al., 2008)
              sina - sm
              two hybrid
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
              sina - ttk
              pull down, autoradiography, two hybrid, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
              (Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Cooper et al., 2008, Li et al., 1997, Tang et al., 1997)
              Summary of Genetic Interactions
              Interaction Browsers
              View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
              Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
              Starting gene(s)
              Interaction type
              Interacting gene(s)
              Reference
              sina
              enhanceable
              bur
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              c(2)M
              (Hughes et al., 2019)
              sina
              enhanceable
              CE2-1
              (Sullivan and Rubin, 2002)
              sina
              enhanceable
              CE3-1
              (Sullivan and Rubin, 2002)
              sina
              enhanceable
              E(sina)1
              (Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              enhanceable
              E(sina)3
              (Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              enhanceable
              E(sina)4
              (Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              suppressible
              E(sina)6
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              E(sina)6
              (Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              enhanceable
              E(sina)46C
              (Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              suppressible
              ed
              (Bai et al., 2001)
              sina
              suppressible
              eff
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              ES1-1
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              ES2-1
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              ES3-1
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              ES3-1
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              fry
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              fry
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              gl
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              gl
              (Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              enhanceable
              Hsp83
              (Neufeld et al., 1998, Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              suppressible
              lilli
              (Tang et al., 2001, Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              msi
              (Siddall et al., 2009, Okabe et al., 2001)
              sina
              enhanceable
              phyl
              (Pi et al., 2001)
              sina
              enhanceable
              pnut
              (Carthew et al., 1994, Neufeld and Rubin, 1994)
              sina
              enhanceable
              pros
              (Kauffmann et al., 1996)
              sina
              enhanceable
              rl
              (Carthew et al., 1994)
              sina
              enhanceable
              S
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              Sin3A
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              SS3-1
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              SS3-5
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              SS3-6
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              enhanceable
              SS3-6
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              Su(Tpl)
              (Neufeld et al., 1998)
              sina
              suppressible
              ttk
              (Yin and Xi, 2018, Pi et al., 2001, Hirota et al., 1999)
              msi|sina
              suppressible
              ttk
              (Siddall et al., 2009, Hirota et al., 1999)
              Starting gene(s)
              Interaction type
              Interacting gene(s)
              Reference
              cindr
              enhanceable
              sina
              (Ketosugbo et al., 2017)
              CycE
              suppressible
              sina
              (Brumby et al., 2004)
              msi
              enhanceable
              sina
              (Okabe et al., 2001, Hirota et al., 1999)
              phyl
              suppressible
              sina
              (Yin and Xi, 2018, Tang et al., 1997)
              Src64B
              suppressible
              sina
              (Kussick et al., 1993)
              sty
              suppressible
              sina
              (Kramer et al., 1999)
              External Data
              Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
              Component of some E3 complex at least composed of sina, ebi and phyl. Interacts with eff.
              (UniProt, P21461 )
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              Pathways
              Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
              Metabolic Pathways
              FlyBase
              External Links
              External Data
              Linkouts
              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
              Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
              Class of Gene
              Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
              Chromosome (arm)
              3L
              Recombination map
              3-45
              Cytogenetic map
              73D2-73D3
              Sequence location
              FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
              Cytogenetic map
              Evidence for location
              73D2-73D3
              Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}Baldspot02281 and P{PZ}blot01658
              Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
              Cytogenetic map
              Notes
              References
              73C-73C
              (determined by in situ hybridisation)
              (Weber et al., 2005)
              73D3-73D5
              (determined by in situ hybridisation) 73D2--7 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
              (Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
              Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
              Location

              3-45

              (FlyBase, 2016)

              3-39.5

              (Comeron et al., 2012)

              3-45.5

              (Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
              Left of (cM)
              (Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
              Right of (cM)
              (Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
              Notes
              Stocks and Reagents
              Stocks (19)
              Genomic Clones (20)
              cDNA Clones (92)
               

              Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

              cDNA clones, fully sequenced
              BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

              For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

              cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
              BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
              RNAi and Array Information
              Linkouts
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Antibody Information
              Laboratory Generated Antibodies
               

              monoclonal

              (Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
              Commercially Available Antibodies
               
              Cell Line Information
              Publicly Available Cell Lines
               
                Other Stable Cell Lines
                 
                  Other Comments

                  CG13030 shares 45% amino acid identity with sina, a ring finger domain of the C3HC4 type and the same protein binding partners. The results of pathway analysis, together with the shared domain organisation, suggest that CG13030 may overlap with sina as a regulator of photoreceptor differentiation.

                  (Giot et al., 2003)

                  sina is involved in external sensory organ development.

                  (Pi et al., 2001)

                  msi and sina function redundantly in R1 and R6 to down-regulate ttk in the developing photoreceptor cells.

                  (Hirota et al., 1999)

                  sina binds to Hsap\DCC, as shown in yeast two-hybrid studies and in vitro binding and immunoprecipitation studies.

                  (Hu et al., 1997)

                  Down-regulation of ttk protein expression in developing photoreceptor cells requires the presence of the phyl and sina proteins.

                  (Li et al., 1997)

                  Expression of the ttk TTK88 protein isoform represses neuronal fate determination in the developing eye. phyl protein acts to antagonise this repression by a mechanism that requires sina protein.

                  (Tang et al., 1997)

                  phyl interacts with another nuclear factor, sina, to form a complex and both factors are involved in upregulating transcription of pros in the eye.

                  (Kauffmann et al., 1996)

                  Murine homologues of sina have been identified.

                  (Della et al., 1993)

                  sina function is required for the transformation of cone cells into R7 cells that is caused by the expression of svp in the pattern of sev.

                  (Hiromi et al., 1993)

                  sev and sina act in a pathway required for neuronal development, rather than R7 cell fate per se.

                  (Dickson et al., 1992)

                  The phl serine/threonine kinase plays a crucial role in the R7 pathway: genetic evidence suggests that phl acts downstream of Ras85D and upstream of sina in this signal transduction pathway.

                  (Dickson et al., 1992)

                  Some aspect of R7 differentiation is independent of the genetic pathway involving sev, boss and sina as some P{HZ}klgH214 expression is present in R7 of sina mutants.

                  (Mlodzik et al., 1992)

                  In contrast to D.melanogaster, where the sina gene is located within an intron of Rh4, Dvir\sina and Dvir\Rh4 are widely separated in D.virilis. This different structural arrangement may have been caused by the translocation of the Dvir\Rh4 gene to a different chromosomal location by a retrotransposition event in D.virilis.

                  (Neufeld et al., 1991)

                  sina has been identified and characterised. The sina gene product acts early in the specification of the R7 photoreceptor cell, at the time when R7 receives and interprets developmental signals from neighbouring cells. It may act by regulating gene expression. Function of the sina gene is only required in R7 for correct R7 cell development. The sina transcription unit is located completely within the intron of Rh4 and is orientated in the opposite direction to Rh4.

                  (Carthew and Rubin, 1990)
                  Relationship to Other Genes
                  Source for database merge of

                  Source for merge of: sina anon- EST:fe2H7

                  (Bayraktaroglu, 2000.11.2)
                  Additional comments
                  Nomenclature History
                  Source for database identify of
                  Nomenclature comments
                  Etymology
                  Synonyms and Secondary IDs (14)
                  Reported As
                  Symbol Synonym
                  CG9949
                  (Neuert et al., 2017, Ying et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Talamillo et al., 2008, Bhutkar et al., 2007, Carthew, 2000.7.12)
                  SIAH
                  (Hunt et al., 2019)
                  SINA
                  (Bukharina et al., 2023, Piedade and Famulski, 2021, Pepper et al., 2017, Bajpe et al., 2008, Tang et al., 2008)
                  SinA
                  (Zhao et al., 2023)
                  Sina
                  (Hughes et al., 2019, Ying et al., 2011, Alexandre et al., 2008, Bajpe et al., 2008, Pi et al., 2008, Cooper, 2007, Copeland et al., 2007, Sundaram, 2005, Voas and Rebay, 2004)
                  anon-EST:fe2H7
                  sia
                  (Bonacum et al., 2001)
                  sina
                  (Lake et al., 2024, Perlegos et al., 2022, Klann et al., 2021, Zhao et al., 2020, Hunt et al., 2019, Meltzer et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Yin and Xi, 2018, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Ketosugbo et al., 2017, Neuert et al., 2017, Rohde et al., 2017, Sanfilippo et al., 2017, Yu et al., 2015, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Mavromatakis and Tomlinson, 2012, Du et al., 2011, Seong et al., 2011, Toku et al., 2011, Richardson, 2010.6.8, Richardson, 2010.6.22, Bao and Friedrich, 2009, Birkholz et al., 2009, Dworkin et al., 2009, Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009, Shi and Noll, 2009, Siddall et al., 2009, Chang et al., 2008, Cooper et al., 2008, Zheng and Carthew, 2008, Bhutkar et al., 2007, Liebl and Featherstone, 2005, Li et al., 2002)
                  Name Synonyms
                  SEVEN-IN-ABSENTIA
                  (Tang et al., 2008)
                  Seven in absenti
                  (Voas and Rebay, 2004)
                  Seven in absentia
                  (Talamillo et al., 2008)
                  anon-fast-evolving-2H7
                  seven in absentia
                  (Mavromatakis and Tomlinson, 2012, Bao and Friedrich, 2009)
                  seven-in-absentia
                  (Furman and Bukharina, 2011, Cooper, 2007)
                  Secondary FlyBase IDs
                  • FBgn0025204
                  Datasets (0)
                  Study focus (0)
                  Experimental Role
                  Project
                  Project Type
                  Title
                  Study result (0)
                  Result
                  Result Type
                  Title
                  External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 61 )
                  Sequence Crossreferences
                  NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                  GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                  GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                  RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                  UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                  UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  Other crossreferences
                  AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                  BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                  DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                  EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                  FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                  FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                  InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                  KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                  MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                  Linkouts
                  BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                  FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                  FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                  Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                  Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                  FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                  iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                  Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                  KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                  MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                  References (200)