FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Hmr

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Hmr

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Hybrid male rescue

Annotation Symbol

CG1619

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0001206

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

11 publicly available

Gene Summary

Hybrid male rescue (Hmr) encodes a protein required to repress transposable element and satellite DNA expression. It also has a gain-of-function phenotype of causing lethality in F1 male hybrids between D. melanogaster and D. simulans. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Also Known As

BcDNA:LD22117

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

9D3-9D3

Sequence location

X:10,590,920..10,595,855 [-]

Recombination map

1-32

RefSeq locus

NC_004354 REGION:10590920..10595855

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables chromatin binding

inferred from direct assay

(Lukacs et al., 2021)

enables protein binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Lhr; FB:FBgn0034217

(Satyaki et al., 2014, Thomae et al., 2013)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Biological Process (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in mitotic sister chromatid segregation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Thomae et al., 2013)

involved_in telomere maintenance

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

involved_in transposable element silencing by heterochromatin formation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Satyaki et al., 2014, Thomae et al., 2013)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000956409

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (7 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in chromosome, centromeric region

inferred from direct assay

(Thomae et al., 2013)

located_in chromosome, telomeric region

inferred from direct assay

(Thomae et al., 2013)

located_in chromosome, telomeric repeat region

inferred from direct assay

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

located_in nucleolus

inferred from direct assay

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

located_in pericentric heterochromatin

inferred from direct assay

(Lukacs et al., 2021, Satyaki et al., 2014)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in nucleus

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000956409

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

part_of transcription regulator complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000956409

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

MADF-BESS DOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

MADF-BESS DOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS -: The MADF-BESS domain transcription regulators include a variety of activators and corepressors and chromatin modifying proteins. BESS domains are often present in combination with MADF domains. The BESS domain mediates protein-protein interactions. (Adapted from FBrf0155780 and FBrf0224045).

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

hmr: hybrid male rescue

Rescues D. melanogaster / simulans hybrid males that would not survive in the absence of the gene. Hybrid males that carry both hmr and a duplication (thought to be hmr+) are lethal, so the rescue is considered recessive. The hybrids are sterile. Hybrid females from the reciprocal cross show low viability. D. melanogaster / mauritania and D. melanogaster / sechellia hybrid males also rescued. The rescue of D. melanogaster / simulans and D. melanogaster / mauritania males by hmr almost complete at 18; at 25 D. melanogaster / mauritania male rescue is good, but D. melanogaster / simulans males is poor at this temperature. At 18 only one third of the D. melanogaster / sechellia males are rescued.

Summary (Interactive Fly)

chromatin factor - contains BESS motif found in boundary element proteins - along with Hybrid male rescue interacts with HP1 to repress transcripts from satellite DNAs and many families of transposable elements - gain-of-function phenotype causing lethality in F1 male hybrids between D. melanogaster and D. simulans

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Hmr for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q86CW5)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Hmr-RB

FBtr0071511

NM_132409

4696

1413

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Hmr-PB

FBpp0071440

158.6

1413

10.08

Q86CW5

NP_572637

AAF46605

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Hmr using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Hmr_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.23

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

organism | faint | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in chromosome, centromeric region

inferred from direct assay

(Thomae et al., 2013)

located_in chromosome, telomeric region

inferred from direct assay

(Thomae et al., 2013)

located_in chromosome, telomeric repeat region

inferred from direct assay

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

located_in nucleolus

inferred from direct assay

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

located_in pericentric heterochromatin

inferred from direct assay

(Lukacs et al., 2021, Satyaki et al., 2014)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Hmr in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Hmr

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Hmr

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0001206

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

31988/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0001206

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0001206

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0001206

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG1619

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0001206

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Hmr

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Hmr

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 15 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 15 )

Gene duplicated in

Dp(1;2)v⁺75d

(Barbash et al., 2000)

Gene not disrupted in

Df(1)C52

(Barbash et al., 2003, Barbash et al., 2000)

Df(1)CH6

(Barbash et al., 2003, Barbash et al., 2000)

Df(1)v64f

(Barbash et al., 2000)

In(1)AB

(Zhang et al., 1997)

In(1)AC2^LAB^R

(Barbash et al., 2003, Barbash et al., 2000)

Gene not duplicated in

Dp(1;2)v⁺63i

(Barbash et al., 2000)

Inferred from location ( 13 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Hmr^GD9164

Sterility

Allele

female semi-sterile (with Hmr²)

Hmr^Df

female semi-sterile (with Hmr^Df)

Hmr²

female semi-sterile | progressive, with Hmr^dC.t9.5

Hmr^Df

female semi-sterile | progressive, with Hmr^Df

Hmr^dC.t9.5

female semi-sterile | recessive

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

dorsal appendage

Hmr^Df

egg

egg chamber

Hmr^EY12237

ovariole

Hmr^EY12237

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (1)

Hsap\NACA2

1 of 14

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (6)

Drer\LOC100330838

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\LOC110438041

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\LOC110439798

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:ch73-59f11.3

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:ch211-207i20.3

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:zfos-128g4.1

1 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)

Cele\madf-3

2 of 14

Yes

Cele\madf-4

1 of 14

Cele\madf-5

1 of 14

Cele\madf-9

1 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (13)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002074

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002753

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP004174

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP005077

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP005308

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP006800

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP009140

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP010802

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP011339

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP011844

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP011847

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012073

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012074

1 of 12

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)

Scer\EGD2

1 of 13

Yes

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Hmr. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (27)

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

rgr

1 of 13

stwl

1 of 13

Vostok

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

Hmr - Boh1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation

(Lukacs et al., 2021)

Hmr - Boh2

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation

(Lukacs et al., 2021)

Hmr - CG8319

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Hmr - Cenp-C

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Thomae et al., 2013)

Hmr - Cp190

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Lukacs et al., 2021)

Hmr - HIPP1

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Lukacs et al., 2021)

Hmr - HP6

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, western blot

(Thomae et al., 2013)

Hmr - Lhr

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag western blot, two hybrid

(Lukacs et al., 2021, Satyaki et al., 2014, Thomae et al., 2013)

Hmr - Met

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Hmr - Nlp

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Lukacs et al., 2021, Anselm et al., 2018)

Hmr - Nph

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Lukacs et al., 2021, Anselm et al., 2018)

Hmr - Su(var)205

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, western blot, peptide massfingerprinting, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Lukacs et al., 2021, Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Satyaki et al., 2014, Thomae et al., 2013)

Hmr - Su(var)3-7

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Lukacs et al., 2021)

Hmr - prod

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Lukacs et al., 2021)

Hmr - sima

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Hmr - wdn

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

58411

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0001206

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

31988

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

1-32

Cytogenetic map

9D3-9D3

Sequence location

X:10,590,920..10,595,855 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

9D3-9D3

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}PPP4R2r^EP307 and P{EP}ras^EP1235&P{EP}ras^EP1427

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

9D-9D

(Zhang et al., 1997)

9E-9E

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Hutter and Karch, 1994)

9D1-9E4

(Hutter et al., 1990)

Location based on the correlation between cytogenetic and meiotic map positions in the middle region of the X chromosome, and its genetic map position of 1-31.84 as reported in FBrf0047061).

(Hutter et al., 1990)

Method of mapping is unspecified.

(Zhang et al., 1997)

Hmr maps distal to the distal In(1)AB breakpoint.

(Zhang et al., 1999)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

1-32

(FlyBase, 2016)

1-33.5

(Comeron et al., 2012)

1-32.0

(Zhang et al., 1999)

1-31.84

(Sawamura et al., 1993, Hutter and Ashburner, 1987)

1-31.8

Left of (cM)

(Hutter et al., 1990, Hutter and Ashburner, 1987)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (11)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

2481

Hmr¹

1935

y¹ Hmr¹ v¹

83909

y¹ v¹; P{TKO.GS05484}attP40

1304

In(1)w^m4, In(1)AB, y² Hmr²

21375

y¹ w^67c23 P{EPgy2}Hmr^EY12237

37346

y¹ w^* Mi{MIC}Hmr^MI03494/FM7c

66753

w¹¹¹⁸; PBac{Hmr-GFP.FPTB}VK00033/TM6C, Sb¹

35659

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.GLV21024}attP2

57258

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.HMC04651}attP40

VDRC

v101252

P{KK104035}VIE-260B

v51849

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD9164}v51849

Genomic Clones (20)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (30)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

RE54143

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0001206

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0001206

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

monoclonal

(Thomae et al., 2013)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

New stable cell line derived from S2-unspecified : Stable S2 lines were created containing FLAG-tagged constructs of Hmr, Lhr, Boh1 and Boh2.
(Lukacs et al., 2021)

Other Comments

The Hmr and Lhr proteins form a heterochromatic complex with Su(var)205 in D. melanogaster. Hmr and Lhr are required to repress transcripts from satellite DNAs and many families of transposable elements. They are also required to help regulate the length of telomeres (which in Drosophila are composed of domesticated transposable elements).

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

The Dsim\Lhr ortholog of Lhr does not appear to affect satellite DNA transcription in D. simulans, but it does have a role in repressing transcription of transposable elements in this species.

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

Upregulation of transposable element transcription is seen in hybrids between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, but this is unlikely to be the direct cause of hybrid lethality.

(Satyaki et al., 2014)

The Hmr and Lhr proteins form a centromeric complex in D. melanogaster which is required for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. Both an increase and a decrease in complex levels result in mitotic defects, indicating that this function is extremely dose sensitive. Alteration of the levels of the complex also result in an increase in transcription from transposable elements.

(Thomae et al., 2013)

The orthologous D. simulans Dsim\Hmr and Dsim\Lhr proteins also bind each other in coimmunoprecipitation experiments and also localise to the centromere (although Dsim\Hmr also shows a prominent non-centromeric localisation).

(Thomae et al., 2013)

The level of Hmr expression in D melanogaster is substantially higher than the expression of the orthologous Dsim\Hmr gene in D. simulans. Conversely, the expression of the D. simulans Dsim\Lhr gene is higher than the expression of the orthologous Lhr gene in D. melanogaster. Hybrids derived from a cross between D. melanogaster females and D. simulans males thus have an elevated amount of the Hmr-Lhr protein complex compared to the parent species, and the complex is delocalised, being bound to numerous interbands along all chromosome arms in the hybrids. Hybrid males and females show a massive increase in transcription from transposable elements, but as the effect is not sex-specific, this is presumably not the the main cause of the lethality of hybrid males.

(Thomae et al., 2013)

Hmr is required for wild-type levels of viability and fertility of D.melanogaster females.

(Aruna et al., 2009)

Dsim\Lhr has functionally diverged in D.simulans and interacts with Hmr, which has functionally diverged in D.melanogaster, to cause lethality in F1 hybrid males.

(Brideau et al., 2006)

Mutations in the D.melanogaster gene Hmr, along with unidentified polymorphic factors, rescue the agametic phenotype of F₁ hybrid females derived from crosses of D.melanogaster females to either D.simulans or D.mauritiana males. F₁ hybrid males from these crosses are fully sterile. The F₁ hybrid females produce small numbers of progeny in backcrosses to D.melanogaster males, the low fecundity being caused by incomplete rescue of oogenesis as well as zygotic lethality.

(Barbash and Ashburner, 2003)

Hmr has a role in inter-species hybrid incompatability.

(Barbash et al., 2003)

The wild-type product of Hmr is neither necessary nor sufficient for embryonic inviability in hybrids between D.melanogaster and its sibling species. Hmr does, however, appear to lower the viability of hybrid larvae. This data suggests that Hmr acts as a gain-of-function poison in hybrids.

(Orr and Irving, 2000)

Mapping and characterisation of Hmr.

(Hutter and Karch, 1994)

Hybrid female progeny resulting from crossing D.simulans females to D.melanogaster males die as embryos. Hybrid males from the reciprocal cross die as late larvae, unless the male parent is mutant at Dsim\Lhr, or the female at Hmr. Hybrid males from D.simulans attached X females and D.melanogaster males are lethal at both embryonic and larval stages, but are rescued to viability by the Hmr mutant in the male parent and the Dsim\mhr mutant in the female parent.

(Sawamura et al., 1993)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: Hmr BcDNA:LD22117

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Additional comments

A Dsim\Hmr⁺ transgene has no phenotypic effect in D.melanogaster/D.simulans and D.melanogaster/D.mauritiana hybrids and a Dmau\Hmr⁺ transgene has no phenotypic effect in D.melanogaster/D.simulans and D.melanogaster/D.mauritiana hybrids, strongly supporting the conclusion that the Hmr gene has functionally diverged between the D.melanogaster and sibling-species (D.simulans and D.mauritiana) lineages, to cause F1 hybrid incompatibility between these species. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Hmr has diverged extensively in the D.melanogaster lineage, but extensive divergence has also been found in the sibling-species lineage. Together, the findings implicate over 13% of the amino acids encoded by Hmr as candidates for causing hybrid incompatibility. The exceptional level of divergence at Hmr cannot be explained by neutral processes, as phylogenetic methods and population genetic analyses show that the elevated amino-acid divergence in both lineages is due to positive selection in the distant past - at least one million generations ago.

(Barbash et al., 2004)

It is possible that "anon-AE003451.1" should be merged with " BcDNA:LD22117 " to make a single gene.

(Hutter, 2001.11.19)

sesB and Ant2 do not correspond to Hmr; Hmr maps distal to both genes and neither sesB mutant alleles nor transformants carrying extra copies of sesB and Ant2 have any effect on interspecific viability.

(Zhang et al., 1999)

Source for merge of Hmr BcDNA:LD22117 was sequence comparison ( date:030514 ).

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

BcDNA:LD22117

(Giot et al., 2003, Hutter, 2001.11.19)

CG1619

(Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Casola et al., 2007, Hutter, 2002)

HMR

(Kochanova et al., 2020, Anselm et al., 2018, Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Ross et al., 2013)

Hmr

(Bladen et al., 2024, Kotov et al., 2024, Searle and Pardo-Manuel de Villena, 2024, Jagannathan and Yamashita, 2021, Lauria Sneideman and Meller, 2021, Lukacs et al., 2021, Patlar and Civetta, 2021, Meyer-Nava et al., 2020, Cooper et al., 2019, Kotov et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Blum et al., 2017, Castillo and Barbash, 2017, Gerland et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Hou et al., 2016, Tang and Presgraves, 2015, Cuykendall et al., 2014, Liang et al., 2014, Matute and Gavin-Smyth, 2014, Matute et al., 2014, Satyaki et al., 2014, Thomae et al., 2013, Kelleher et al., 2012, Maheshwari and Barbash, 2012, Maheshwari and Barbash, 2012, Presgraves, 2010, Aruna et al., 2009, Hutter, 2009.8.31, Hutter, 2008.2.4, Hutter, 2008.12.10, Maheshwari et al., 2008, Satish et al., 2008, Barbash and Lorigan, 2007, Hutter, 2007, Jones and Holloway, 2007, Barbash et al., 2004)

Hmr-mel

(Brideau et al., 2006)

Hmr_mel

(Thomae et al., 2013)

hmr

(Pennisi, 2006, Hutter and Karch, 1994, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

Name Synonyms

Hybrid male rescue

(Presgraves, 2010, Aruna et al., 2009, Maheshwari et al., 2008, Satish et al., 2008, Barbash and Lorigan, 2007, Anonymous, 2006, Brideau et al., 2006)

hybrid male rescue

(Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0027511

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 72 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

31988

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q86CW5

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q86CW5

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0001206

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

31988/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0001206

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0001206

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0001206

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG1619

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

31988

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

58411

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0001206

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0001206

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0001206

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Hmr_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0001206

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0001206

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG1619

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0001206

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

31988

References (116)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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