robust

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

Latin rōbus

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Italic *-tos

Latin -tus

Latin rōbustuslbor.

English robust

Learned borrowing from Latin rōbustus.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɹəʊˈbʌst/, /ɹəˈbʌst/

  • Audio (UK):

    (file)

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• (General American, Canada) IPA^(key): /ɹoʊˈbʌst/, /ɹəˈbʌst/
• (General Australian) IPA^(key): /ɹəʉˈbɐst/, /ɹəˈbɐst/
• (New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ɹɐʉˈbɐst/, /ɹəˈbɐst/
• (Indic) IPA^(key): /rɵˈbəsʈ/, /ˈrobəsʈ/
• Rhymes: -ʌst
• Hyphenation: ro‧bust

Adjective

robust (comparative more robust or (uncommon) robuster, superlative most robust or (uncommon) robustest)

1. Able to withstand adverse conditions.

   Synonym: sturdy

   Antonym: fragile

2. Evincing strength and health; strong; (often, especially) both large and healthy.

   He was a robust man of six feet four.

   robust health

   A robust wall was put up.

   • 1869, Anthony Trollope, Phineas Finn:

     She was stronger, larger, more robust physically than he had hitherto conceived.

3. Requiring strength or vigor.

   robust employment

4. Sensible (of intellect etc.); straightforward, not given to or confused by uncertainty or subtlety.

   robust findings

   robust proof

   robust explanation

   robust lesson

5. (euphemistic) Rough; rude.
   • 2011 October 1, Phil McNulty, “Everton 0 - 2 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport‎^[1]:

     As a frenetic opening continued, Cahill - whose robust approach had already prompted Jamie Carragher to register his displeasure to Atkinson - rose above the Liverpool defence to force keeper Pepe Reina into an athletic tip over the top.

6. (systems engineering) Designed or evolved in such a way as to be resistant to total failure despite partial damage.
7. (software engineering) Resistant or impervious to failure regardless of user input or unexpected conditions.
8. (statistics) Not greatly influenced by errors in assumptions about the distribution of sample errors.
9. (chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an individual or skeletal element: strongly built; muscular; not gracile.

Derived terms

• bias-robust
• heterokurtosis-robust
• heteroscedasticity-robust
• nonrobust
• robust association of massive baryonic objects
• robust australopithecine
• robust blacksmelt
• robust capuchin monkey
• robust Christianity
• robustful
• robusticity
• robustification
• robustify
• robustious
• robustity
• robustize
• robustly
• robustness
• unrobust

Related terms

• robusta

Translations

evincing strength — see also well-built,‎ stocky

• Albanian: ardhangët (sq)
• Arabic: قَوِيّ (qawiyy)
• Bulgarian: як (bg) (jak), здрав (bg) (zdrav), силен (bg) (silen)
• Catalan: robust (ca)
• Dutch: robuust (nl), degelijk (nl)
• Finnish: jykevä (fi), vankka (fi), roteva (fi), vahva (fi), robusti (fi)
• French: robuste (fr), costaud (fr)
• Galician: robusto (gl), rufo (gl)
• German: robust (de), widerstandsfähig (de), kräftig (de), zäh (de), herausfordernd (de), anspruchsvoll (de), grob (de), resilient (de), solide (de)
• Greek: ρωμαλέος (el) (romaléos)
• Hebrew: חסון (he) (chason), איתן (he) (ētán)
• Hungarian: robusztus (hu), erős (hu), erőteljes (hu), masszív (hu), szilárd (hu)
• Ido: robusta (io)
• Indonesian: tegar (id)
• Irish: urrúnta
• Italian: robusto (it)
• Latin: rōbustus
• Macedonian: си́лен (sílen), здрав (zdrav), јак (jak), цврст (cvrst)
• Malay: lasak, teguh (ms)
• Māori: ruarangi, hiwa (referring to growth), whakapūioio, tōtōpū (of solid quality)
• Mongolian: бөх (mn) (böx)
• Norman: frîngant
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: robust (no)

  Nynorsk: robust

• Polish: krzepki (pl), silny (pl), rozrosły, czerstwy (pl), wysportowany (pl)
• Portuguese: robusto (pt)
• Quechua: nanaq
• Romanian: robust (ro), puternic (ro), vânjos (ro)
• Russian: кре́пкий (ru) (krépkij), здоро́вый (ru) (zdoróvyj)
• Scottish Gaelic: làidir
• Slovene: robústen
• Spanish: robusto (es)
• Swedish: robust (sv)
• Ukrainian: крі́пкий (uk) (krípkyj), здоро́вий (zdoróvyj)

Further reading

• robust statistics on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• brotus, or bust, turbos

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rōbustus. First attested in c. 1400.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central) [ruˈβust]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic) [ruˈbust]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [roˈbust]

• Audio (Barcelona):

  (file)

Adjective

robust (feminine robusta, masculine plural robusts or robustos, feminine plural robustes)

1. robust (evincing strength and health)

   Synonyms: fort, vigorós

Derived terms

• robustament
• robustesa

Further reading

• “robust”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
• “robust” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• Alcover, Antoni Maria; Moll, Francesc de Borja (1963), “robust”, in Diccionari català-valencià-balear (in Catalan)

German

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin rōbustus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʁoˈbʊst/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ro‧bust
• Rhymes: -ʊst

Adjective

robust (strong nominative masculine singular robuster, comparative robuster, superlative am robustesten)

1. robust

Declension

Positive forms of robust

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist robust	sie ist robust	es ist robust	sie sind robust
strong declension (without article)	nominative	robuster	robuste	robustes	robuste
	genitive	robusten	robuster	robusten	robuster
	dative	robustem	robuster	robustem	robusten
	accusative	robusten	robuste	robustes	robuste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der robuste	die robuste	das robuste	die robusten
	genitive	des robusten	der robusten	des robusten	der robusten
	dative	dem robusten	der robusten	dem robusten	den robusten
	accusative	den robusten	die robuste	das robuste	die robusten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein robuster	eine robuste	ein robustes	(keine) robusten
	genitive	eines robusten	einer robusten	eines robusten	(keiner) robusten
	dative	einem robusten	einer robusten	einem robusten	(keinen) robusten
	accusative	einen robusten	eine robuste	ein robustes	(keine) robusten

Comparative forms of robust

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist robuster	sie ist robuster	es ist robuster	sie sind robuster
strong declension (without article)	nominative	robusterer	robustere	robusteres	robustere
	genitive	robusteren	robusterer	robusteren	robusterer
	dative	robusterem	robusterer	robusterem	robusteren
	accusative	robusteren	robustere	robusteres	robustere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der robustere	die robustere	das robustere	die robusteren
	genitive	des robusteren	der robusteren	des robusteren	der robusteren
	dative	dem robusteren	der robusteren	dem robusteren	den robusteren
	accusative	den robusteren	die robustere	das robustere	die robusteren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein robusterer	eine robustere	ein robusteres	(keine) robusteren
	genitive	eines robusteren	einer robusteren	eines robusteren	(keiner) robusteren
	dative	einem robusteren	einer robusteren	einem robusteren	(keinen) robusteren
	accusative	einen robusteren	eine robustere	ein robusteres	(keine) robusteren

Superlative forms of robust

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist am robustesten	sie ist am robustesten	es ist am robustesten	sie sind am robustesten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	robustester	robusteste	robustestes	robusteste
	genitive	robustesten	robustester	robustesten	robustester
	dative	robustestem	robustester	robustestem	robustesten
	accusative	robustesten	robusteste	robustestes	robusteste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der robusteste	die robusteste	das robusteste	die robustesten
	genitive	des robustesten	der robustesten	des robustesten	der robustesten
	dative	dem robustesten	der robustesten	dem robustesten	den robustesten
	accusative	den robustesten	die robusteste	das robusteste	die robustesten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein robustester	eine robusteste	ein robustestes	(keine) robustesten
	genitive	eines robustesten	einer robustesten	eines robustesten	(keiner) robustesten
	dative	einem robustesten	einer robustesten	einem robustesten	(keinen) robustesten
	accusative	einen robustesten	eine robusteste	ein robustestes	(keine) robustesten

Derived terms

• Robustheit

Further reading

• “robust” in Duden online
• “robust”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎^[2] (in German)

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Latin rōbustus.

Adjective

robust (neuter singular robust, definite singular and plural robuste)

1. robust, sturdy

References

• “robust” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Latin rōbustus.

Adjective

robust (neuter singular robust, definite singular and plural robuste)

1. robust, sturdy

References

• “robust” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French robuste, from Latin rōbustus.

Adjective

robust m or n (feminine singular robustă, masculine plural robuști, feminine/neuter plural robuste)

1. robust

Declension

Declension of robust

		singular			plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative- accusative	indefinite	robust		robustă	robuști	robuste
	definite	robustul		robusta	robuștii	robustele
genitive- dative	indefinite	robust		robuste	robuști	robuste
	definite	robustului		robustei	robuștilor	robustelor

Swedish

Adjective

robust (comparative robustare, superlative robustast)

1. robust

Declension

Inflection of robust

Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative1
common singular	robust	robustare	robustast
neuter singular	robust	robustare	robustast
plural	robusta	robustare	robustast
masculine plural2	robuste	robustare	robustast
Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular3	robuste	robustare	robustaste
all	robusta	robustare	robustaste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

See also

• hållbar
• slagtålig
• slitstark
• stryktålig

References

• “robust”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “robust”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “robust”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)