per

See also: Appendix:Variations of "per"

Languages (37)

Ao • Aragonese • Aromanian • Asturian • Breton • Catalan • Cimbrian • Cornish • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • Finnish • German • Hungarian • Ido • Indonesian • Interlingua • Italian • Ladin • Latin • Latvian • Lithuanian • Megleno-Romanian • Middle English • Mòcheno • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Portuguese • Romani • Sardinian • Swedish • Volapük • Zazaki

Page categories

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Persian.

Symbol

per

(international standards) ISO 639-2/B language code for Persian.

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:

per

Wikipedia

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation, General Australian) IPA^(key): /pɜː/
- Audio (Southern England): (file)
(General American) IPA^(key): /pɝ/
- Audio (US): (file)
(Scotland) IPA^(key): /pɛr/
(New Zealand) IPA^(key): /pøː/
(Liverpool, fair–fur merger) IPA^(key): /peː/
(Humberside, Teesside, fair–fur merger) IPA^(key): /pɛː/
(Lancashire, fair–fur merger) IPA^(key): /pɜː(ɹ)/
Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)
Homophones: purr (fern–fir–fur merger); pair, pare, pear (all fair–fur merger)

Etymology 1

From Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per. Doublet of par.

Preposition

per

For each.
Admission is £10 per person.

miles per gallon

beats per minute

$2.50 per dozen
- 2023 April 5, Thomas Schlacher, “Joel Embiid vs. Nikola Jokić vs. Giannis Antetokounmpo: What’s the latest in the race to become the NBA MVP?”, in CNN‎^[1]:
  The Nuggets star is averaging 24.9 PPG, 11.9 RPG (rebounds per game) and an agonizing 9.9 APG (assists per game) – demonstrating Jokić’s incredible all-around ability.
To each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).
12 inches per foot

100 centimeters per meter
(medicine) By the, by means of the, via the, through the.
Introduce the endoscope per nasum.

The medication is to be administered per os.
In accordance with, as per
I parked my car at the curb per your request.

Implement a program that computes the approximate grade level needed to comprehend some text, per the below.

Note that while the walkthrough illustrates that words may be separated by more than one space, you may assume, per the specifications above, that no sentences will contain more than one space in a row.
According to
Bucks trading for Patrick Beverley, per sources

The Heat were too close to the luxury tax line -- $1.6 million over before this trade, per ESPN's Bobby Marks

Usage notes

In senses equivalent to "each", per is typically followed by a singular noun phrase with no determiner.
Take one pill per day, not *Take one pill per a day.
The common exception is its use with plural noun phrases, although these are almost always limited to large round numbers such as 100, 1,000, 10,000...
The abortion rate in the U.S. has dropped since 1980 from nearly 30 per 1,000 women of childbearing age to less than 20.
In medical senses, per is followed by the name of an orifice in Latin rather than English (for example, per os, per rectum, per vaginam); in the postwar era there has been a continual shift toward preferring an English equivalent, especially for patients as audience but also even for fellow professionals (as medical literature audience): by mouth or orally, rectally, vaginally. (More at Wikipedia at plain language.)

Synonyms

(abbreviation) p, p., /, ⅌ UTF-16 0x214C, introduced in Unicode 4.1.0 (March 2005)
an, a

Derived terms

Related terms

per- (as in perfect, perfection and perplex)

Translations

for each

Albanian: për
Arabic: لِكُلّ (likull)
Egyptian Arabic: لكل (lekoll)
Armenian: յուրաքանչյուր (hy) (yurakʻančʻyur), ամեն մի (amen mi)
Catalan: per (ca)
Czech: na (cs)
Dutch: per (nl)
Estonian: kohta (et)
Finnish: per (fi), jokaiselta (fi)
French: par (fr)
Galician: por (gl)
German: je (de)
Greek: για κάθε (gia káthe)
Ancient Greek: κατά (katá) (+ accusative)
Hebrew: לכל (l'khol)
Italian: per (it), al (it)
Macedonian: по (po), на (na)
Norwegian:
Bokmål: per (no)

Nynorsk: per
Persian: برای هر
Polish: na (pl), od (pl)
Portuguese: por (pt)
Russian: в (ru) (v)
Spanish: por (es), al (es) m (for time), a la (es) f (for time)
Swedish: per (sv)
Turkish: başına (tr)
Ukrainian: на (uk) (na)
Vietnamese: mỗi (vi), từng (vi)
Volapük: a (vo)

used in expressing ratios of units

Arabic: فِي كُلّ (fī kull)
Egyptian Arabic: في كل (fi koll)
Catalan: per (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 每 (zh) (měi)
Czech: na (cs), za (cs)
Finnish: per (fi), -ssa (fi) (inessive case)
French: par (fr), à (fr), au (fr)
German: pro (de)
Greek: ανά (el) (aná), τοις (el) (tois)
Japanese: 毎 (ja) (まい, mai)
Macedonian: во (vo), на (na)
Persian: در هر
Portuguese: por (pt)
Russian: в (ru) (v)
Spanish: por (es)
Swedish: per (sv)
Thai: ละ (th) (lá)
Turkish: -de (tr)
Ukrainian: в (uk) (v), за (uk) (za)
Vietnamese: trên (vi), một (vi)

via

Arabic: بِوَاسِطَة (bi-wāsiṭa), بِـ (ar) (bi-), عَنّ طَرِيق (ʕann ṭarīq)
Egyptian Arabic: عن طريق (ʕann ṭarīʔ)
Bengali: মারফত (bn) (marfot)
Catalan: via (ca)
Finnish: kautta (fi)
French: par (fr), par voie, via (fr)
German: durch (de)
Italian: via (it)
Macedonian: по (po)
Russian: че́рез (ru) (čérez)
Spanish: por (es)

in accordance with

Arabic: بِنَاءً عَلَى (ar) (bināʔan ʕalā), لِأَجْل (liʔajl)
Egyptian Arabic: عشان (ʕašān)
Catalan: segons (ca)
Esperanto: graŭ (eo)
Finnish: mukaisesti (fi)
French: selon (fr), suivant (fr), d'après (fr)
German: gemäß (de)
Hebrew: על פי (al pi)
Italian: secondo (it), in accordo
Macedonian: по (po)
Polish: zgodnie z, na (pl)
Portuguese: por (pt)
Russian: согла́сно (ru) (soglásno) (+ dative), по (ru) (po) (+ dative)
Spanish: por (es), según (es)
Swedish: enligt (sv)
Vietnamese: theo (vi)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Latin: ^{(please verify)} per (la)
Norwegian: ^{(please verify)} per (no) (abbreviated pr.) (1,2)

Etymology 2

Clipping of person, coined by American novelist and poet Marge Piercy in Woman on the Edge of Time (1979)

Pronoun

per (third-person singular, gender-neutral, nominative case, accusative per, possessive adjective pers, possessive noun pers, reflexive perself)

(rare, nonstandard) They (singular). Gender-neutral neologistic third-person singular subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
- 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):
  This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?
(rare, nonstandard) Them (singular) Neologistic gender-neutral third-person singular object pronoun, suggested for use in place of him and her.
- 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):
  This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?
- 1998, Katherine Phelps, “Odysseus, She”, in Storytronics‎^[2]:
  "Kalypso!" I call out as phe disappears on the horizon. I did not know it, but I loved per.
- 2006 November 15, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:
  Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

Synonyms

(singular) they
ey, e, sie, shi, ze

Hyponyms

(as subject): he, she
(as object): him, her

Derived terms

perself

Adjective

per (not comparable)

(rare, nonstandard) Belonging to per, their (singular). Gender-neutral third-person singular possessive adjective, coordinate with gendered his and her.
- 2006 November 15, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:
  Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

Synonyms

(singular) their
eir, hir

Ao

Etymology

From Proto-Central Naga *ph-rə, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mrul.

Noun

per

(Chungli) snake

Aragonese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Navarro-Aragonese per, from Latin per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pe(ɾ)/
Syllabification: per
Rhymes: -e(ɾ)

Preposition

per

through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
for each; for every
a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

Usage notes

In eastern dialects, when the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg, els pl or los pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively.

Alternative forms

por (western dialects)

Aromanian

Alternative forms

peru

Etymology 1

From Latin pilus. Compare Romanian păr.

Noun

per m (plural peri)

hair

Related terms

piros

Etymology 2

From Latin pirus. Compare Romanian păr.

Noun

per m (plural peri)

pear tree

Related terms

pearã

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

per

through, out (through somewhere)
Foron pel camín
They went through the path
by means of, by way of, by, via
Mandótelo per corréu lletrónicu
He/She sent it to you via email
for, during (a period of time)
Tuvieron per trés díes na montaña
They were in the mountain for three days
per, each
Son diez euros per artículu
It costs ten euros per item

Derived terms

Breton

Etymology 1

From Middle Breton per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Cornish per, Welsh pêr.

Noun

per f (singulative perenn)

pears

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos. Compare Cornish per, Welsh pair.

Noun

per m (plural perioù)

cauldron

Related terms

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan per, from Latin per, appropriating the senses of Latin prō as well.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [pər]
IPA^(key): (Valencia) [per]
Audio (Catalonia): (file)

Preposition

per

through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
(when followed by a verbal noun) used in indicating the activity one intends to do because of an action
El meu germà anirà a Tahití per vacar a la platja.
My brother will go to Tahiti (in order) to vacation on the beach.
by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
for each; for every
a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

Usage notes

When the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg or els pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively. If el would be elided to the form l’ because it is before a word beginning with a vowel, the elision to per l’ takes precedence over contracting to pel.

Derived terms

Cimbrian

Etymology 1

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with German Bär, English bear.

Noun

per m

(Luserna) bear

References

Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Etymology 2

From Middle High German ber, from Old High German beri, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją (“berry”). Cognate with German Beere, English berry.

Noun

per n (plural pern)

(Luserna) berry

Derived terms

References

Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Cornish

Etymology

From Middle Cornish per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Breton per, Welsh pêr.

Noun

per (collective, singulative peren f)

pears

Derived terms

perbren (“pear tree”)

Mutation

Mutation of *per*
radical	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed
per	ber	fer	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]

Etymology 1

Noun

per

genitive plural of pero

Etymology 2

Verb

per

second-person singular imperative of prát

Danish

Preposition

per

for each; for every
Synonym: (abbreviation) pr.

Motoren roterer 1000 gange per minut. ― The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɛr/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: per
Rhymes: -ɛr

Preposition

per

for each; for every; per
De motor draait 1000 toeren per minuut.
The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.
by means of
Kom je per auto of per spoor?
Are you coming by car or by rail?

Derived terms

Anagrams

rep

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /per/
Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Audio 3: (file)
Rhymes: -er
Syllabification: per

Preposition

per

by means of, with
Li skribis per plumo. ― He wrote with a pen.

Finnish

Etymology

From Latin per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈper/, [ˈpe̞r]
Rhymes: -er
Syllabification^(key): per
Hyphenation^(key): per

Preposition

per [with nominative]

per (for each, to each)
Synonyms: kohden, kohti, (ablative case) -lta

viisi euroa per metri ― five euros per metre
(business, accounting) per (indicating date, due date, date of maturity, etc.)
Laskumme 1 000 e per 15.6. ― Our invoice for Eur 1,000 due on 15 June

Tilin saldo per 31.12. ― Account balance on 31 December

German

Etymology

From Late Middle High German per (15th c.), from Latin per, in part through Italian per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɛr/, [pɛʁ], [pɛɐ̯]
Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file)

Preposition

per [with dative or accusative]

by, by means of, through, via
Synonyms: durch, anhand

Diese Frage kann nicht per Verordnung, sondern muss per Gesetz geregelt werden.
This matter cannot be regulated by decree, but must be regulated by law.
(commercial parlance) by (a date)
Synonyms: ab, zu

Lieferung per sofort ― to be delivered as soon as possible (literally, “delivery by immediately”)
(dated) per, for (each)
Synonyms: je, pro

fünf Euro per Quadratmeter ― five euro per square meter

Usage notes

Per is generally followed by a noun without any article or determiner, meaning that case is seldom relevant. When evident, it is usually dative or accusative, but even genitive or nominative may be encountered: per internationalem / internationalen Haftbefehl (substandard also per internationalen Haftbefehls, per internationaler Haftbefehl).

Derived terms

References

“per” in Duden online
“per” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: per
Rhymes: -ɛr

Etymology 1

Back-formation from perel.^[1]

Alternative forms

pör (dialectal)

Noun

per (plural perek)

(law) action, suit, lawsuit
Synonyms: eljárás, kereset

Declension

Inflection (stem in *-e-*, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	per	perek
accusative	pert	pereket
dative	pernek	pereknek
instrumental	perrel	perekkel
causal-final	perért	perekért
translative	perré	perekké
terminative	perig	perekig
essive-formal	perként	perekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	perben	perekben
superessive	peren	pereken
adessive	pernél	pereknél
illative	perbe	perekbe
sublative	perre	perekre
allative	perhez	perekhez
elative	perből	perekből
delative	perről	perekről
ablative	pertől	perektől
non-attributive possessive – singular	peré	pereké
non-attributive possessive – plural	peréi	perekéi

Possessive forms of *per*
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	perem	pereim
2nd person sing.	pered	pereid
3rd person sing.	pere	perei
1st person plural	perünk	pereink
2nd person plural	peretek	pereitek
3rd person plural	perük	pereik

Derived terms

peres

Compound words

Related terms

Etymology 2

From Latin per (“through”).^[2]

Adverb

per

per
kilométer per óra ― kilometers per hour
(mathematics) divided by
3/5, három per öt ― 3:5, three divided by five

Derived terms

perjel

References

^ per in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
^ Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto per, English per, French par, Italian per, Spanish por, ultimately from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /per/, /pɛɾ/

Preposition

per

by means of, by, with (some means)
Ilu batis me per bastono. ― He beat me with a stick.
(mathematics) multiplied by, times
Quar per kin esas duadek. ― Four times five is twenty.

Un per un esas un. ― One times one is one.

Derived terms

per ke (“through the fact that”)

Indonesian

Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:

per

Wikipedia ^id

Etymology 1

From Dutch veer (“feather, spring”), a contraction of veder, from Middle Dutch vedere, from Old Dutch fethara, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). The sense "spring" is derived from the ability of feathers to resume their shape when bent.

Pronunciation

(Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈpɛr/ [ˈpɛr]
Rhymes: -ɛr
Syllabification: per

Noun

pèr (plural per-per)

spring, a mechanical device made of flexible or coiled material that exerts force and attempts to spring back when bent, compressed, or stretched
Synonym: pegas
(colloquial) arc lamp
Synonyms: bohlam, bola lampu listrik, lampu busur

Alternative forms

pir (nonstandard)

Derived terms

Compounds

per keong

Etymology 2

From Dutch per, from Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpər]
Hyphenation: pêr

Preposition

pêr

per,
1. for each
  Synonym: tiap
2. to each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units)
  Synonyms: bagi, demi
3. by the, by means of the, via the, through the
  Synonym: dengan
(temporal preposition) since, as, as of, as per
Synonyms: mulai, sejak, pada
through, during, throughout
(mathematics) Divided by.

Alternative forms

pir (nonstandard)

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin per, which is the predecessor of French par, Italian per, Spanish par and Spanish pro.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /per/

Preposition

per

through, during, throughout
Io evadeva per un tunnel secrete.
I escaped through a secret tunnel.

Per uso pote formar vapor inflammabile.
May form flammable fumes during usage.
by (the agency of), through, by means of
Su via a successo era per opera dur.
His/her path to success was through hard work.
per, for each
Admission costa 10 € per persona.
Admission costs €10 per person.

Italian

Etymology

From Latin per,^[1] taking many roles from Latin pro.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /per/
Rhymes: -er
Hyphenation: per

Preposition

per

for
Ma io l'ho fatto per te! ― But I did it for you!

Te lo vendo per appena trecento euro ― I'll sell it you for only three hundred euro

Ho studiato per tre ore ― I studied for three hours

Questo è il treno per Londra ― This is the train for London
to, in order to [with infinitive]
Vado a Londra per vedere il Big Ben. ― I go to London to see Big Ben.
through
Sono passato per il centro ― I passed through the center
in or on
Camminava ansiosamente per la stanza ― He was pacing anxiously about the room
by
Te lo invio per posta ― I'll send it to you by mail
with
as

Usage notes

When followed by the definite article, per can be combined with the article to give the following combined forms (old-fashioned, very rarely used, except for pel, pei):

per + article	Combined form	per + article	Combined form
per + il	pel	per + i	pei, pe'
per + l'	pell'
per + lo	pello	per + gli	pegli
per + la	pella	per + le	pelle

Derived terms

References

^ Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951

Anagrams

pre-

Ladin

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

per

Latin

Alternative forms

ꝑ (Mediaeval sigil)

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.

The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]

Preposition

per (+ accusative)

through, by means of
- c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11:
  Qua re per exploratores nuntiata
  That event being announced by the scouts
- 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3:
  per speciem honoris
  By the pretext of honouring
throughout, during

Derived terms

Descendants

Eastern Romance:
- Aromanian: pri, pi, pre
- Romanian: pre, pe, pă, pi
Istriot: par
Italo-Romance:
- Italian: per
- Judeo-Italian: פֵיר (per)
- Neapolitan: pe, ppe
- Sicilian: pi, pri, pir
Franco-Provençal: per
Old Leonese:
- Asturian: per
Old Occitan:
- Catalan: per
- Occitan: per
Old Navarro-Aragonese: per
- Aragonese: per
Old French: par
- Middle French: par
  - French: par
    - → English: par
- Lorrain: poir
- Picard: per
Old Galician-Portuguese: per
- Portuguese: por
Old Spanish: per
- Spanish: per
Rhaeto-Romance:
- Friulian: par
- Ladin: per
Venetan: per
→ Danish: per
→ Dutch: per
→ English: per
→ Finnish: per
→ German: per
→ Hungarian: per
→ Norwegian: per
→ Swedish: per
→ Esperanto: per
- Ido: per

References

“per”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“per”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[5], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to bring a stream of water through the garden: aquam ducere per hortum
- to cut one's way (through the enemies' ranks): ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes)
- to spread over the whole body: per totum corpus diffundi
- to pass a thing from hand to hand: de manu in manus or per manus tradere aliquid
- in a dream: per somnum, in somnis
- in a dream: per quietem, in quiete
- under the pretext, pretence of..: per causam (with Gen.)
- when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs: per occasionem
- a report is spreading imperceptibly: fama serpit (per urbem)
- to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri
- to pass one's life in luxury and idleness: per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere
- to take a false step: per errorem labi, or simply labi
- I said it in jest: haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi
- to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
- apparently; to look at: per speciem (alicuius rei)
- under pretext, pretence of..: per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei
- by craft: per dolum (B. G. 4. 13)
- in sport, mockery: per ludibrium
- men exempt from service owing to age: qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles
- to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword: gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46)
- to force a way, a passage: iter tentare per vim (cf. sect. II. 3)
- to break through the enemy's centre: per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere
- to lead some one in triumph: per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere
- that is self-evident, goes without saying: hoc per se intellegitur
- I have no objection: per me licet
per in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[6], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

Latvian

Verb

per

inflection of pērt:
(with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of pērt
(with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of pērt

Lithuanian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *per-, Ancient Greek περί (perí, “around, about”, preposition), Sanskrit परि (pári, “around, about”, adverb), Latin per, English for.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pʲɛr]
Rhymes: -ɛr
Hyphenation: per̃

Preposition

per̃ (with accusative)

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352

Megleno-Romanian

Etymology

From Latin pilus. Compare Aromanian per, Romanian păr.

Noun

per m

hair

Middle English

Etymology 1

Noun

per

alternative form of pere (“pear”)

Etymology 2

Noun

per

alternative form of pere (“bridge pillar”)

Etymology 3

Noun

per

alternative form of pere (“peer”)

Adjective

per

alternative form of pere (“equal”)

Mòcheno

Etymology 1

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with German Bär, English bear.

Noun

per m

bear

Etymology 2

From Middle High German ber, from Old High German beri, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją (“berry”). Cognate with German Beere, English berry.

Noun

per n

berry

Derived terms

References

“per” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per (related to native for).

Preposition

per

for each, for every, per
Synonym: (abbreviation) pr.

per dag ― per day

per porsjon ― for each portion

Motoren roterer 1000 ganger per minutt. ― The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

Synonyms

(for each): for hver, i, om

Derived terms

per stykk

References

“per” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per (related to native for).

Preposition

per

for each, for every, per
Synonym: (abbreviation) pr.

per dag ― per day

per porsjon ― for each portion

Derived terms

per stykk

References

“per” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin per, derived from Proto-Italic *per, derived from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈpɛr/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɛr
Syllabification: per

Preposition

per

(literary) forms adverbs from nouns [with nominative]
Synonym: na

Related terms

adverbs

verbs

traktować per noga impf, potraktować per noga pf
traktować per nogam impf, potraktować per nogam pf

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin per.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): (unstressed) /peʁ/ [peh]
- (São Paulo) IPA^(key): (unstressed) /peɾ/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): (unstressed) /peʁ/ [peχ]
- (Caipira) IPA^(key): (unstressed) /peɻ/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): (unstressed) /peɾ/

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Hyphenation: per

Preposition

per

archaic form of por
Fazia tudo per amor! ― I did everything for love!
archaic form of para
nascer per escrever ― [to be] born to write

Usage notes

Although this preposition is no longer utilized, having been replaced by por, the opposite development took place with the derived contraction pelo (and its inflections), which prevailed against polo (and its inflections).

Derived terms

pelo, pela, pelos, pelas

Romani

Alternative forms

pir, poriá

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Armenian փոր (pʻor, “belly, abdomen”). Doublet of pori.

Noun

per f (plural pera)

(anatomy) abdomen, belly

Derived terms

peréskero

References

Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979), “փոր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
Paspati, Alexandre G. (1870), “per”, in Études sur les Tchinghianés; ou, Bohémiens de l'Empire ottoman (in French), Constantinople: Impr. A. Koroméla, page 422

Sardinian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /per/

Preposition

per

per, by, through

Swedish

Alternative forms

pr (dated)

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Preposition

per

For each; for every
Motorn roterar 1000 varv per minut.
The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.

Anagrams

rep

Volapük

Noun

per (genitive pera, plural pers)

loss

Declension

Declension of *per*
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	per	pers
Genitive	pera	peras
Dative	pere	peres
Accusative	peri	peris
Predicative¹	peru	perus
Vocative	o per	o pers

Introduced in Volapük Nulik.

Derived terms

Zazaki

Noun

per

page

[1] per in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

[2] Tótfalusi, István. Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN

[3] Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352

[1]

[2]

[1]

[1]

Translingual

Etymology

Symbol

See also

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Preposition

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Etymology 2

Pronoun

Synonyms

Hyponyms

Derived terms

Adjective

Synonyms

Hyponyms

Derived terms

See also

Anagrams

Ao

Etymology

Noun

Further reading

Aragonese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Usage notes

Alternative forms

Further reading

Aromanian

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Noun

Related terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Related terms

Asturian

Etymology

Preposition

Derived terms

Breton

Etymology 1

Noun

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Related terms

Catalan

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Usage notes

Derived terms

Further reading

Cimbrian

Etymology 1

Noun

References

Etymology 2

Noun

Derived terms

References

Cornish

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

Mutation

Czech

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Verb