og

See also: Appendix:Variations of "og"

English

Noun

og (plural ogs)

1. Initialism of own goal.

Anagrams

• -go-, G.O., GO, Go, Goα, g'ô, go

Cebuano

Alternative forms

• ug
• 'g — contraction, appended to the preceding word

Etymology

Standardized form of ug as an article in contrast to its conjunctional function.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔuɡ/ [ʔʊɡ]

Article

og

1. indefinite indirect marker for nouns other than personal names.

   Coordinate term: sa — for definite nouns

   Mikaon og isda ang iring.

   The cat ate a fish.

   Gikaon og iring ang isda.

   A cat ate the fish.

2. refers to motion towards an indefinite location:

   Moadto siya og merkado unya. ― He's going to a market later.

3. refers to accompaniment with an indefinite partner or object: with a

   Synonyms: uban (og/ang), kuyog (og/ang)

   Nagpakuyog si Juan og guwardiya. ― Juan went with a security guard.

4. refers to an indefinite tool or instrument used for doing: with, through, by

   Synonym: gamit (ang)

   Iyang gibunalan og silhig. ― He struck him with a broom.

5. shows relation between two grammatical parts:
   1. preceding infinitives (replacing a prefix pag-)

      Naglisod ko og saka. ― I had a hard time going up.

   2. with adjectives of manner

      Nilakaw siya og kusog. ― He walked away fast.

   3. after ayaw (“don't”)

      Ayaw og adto. ― Don't go.

6. (adjective + og + noun) having, possessing as an attribute:

   Synonym: may

   Dako og bukton. ― Having big arms.

   Kanindot niya og mata! ― What beautiful eyes s/he has!

Usage notes

• See usage notes under sa.

See also

Cebuano markers

		Direct		Indirect		Oblique
		Definite	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite
Common	Singular	ang	ing†, 'y	sa, sang†	og	sa
	Plural	ang mga	ing mga†, 'y mga	sa mga, sang mga†	og mga	sa mga
Personal	Singular	si		ni		kang*
	Plural	sila ni, silang sa†		nila ni, nilang na†		(kan)ila ni*, (kan)ilang* ka†
†Archaic *Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech.

Danish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewder.

Proto-Indo-European *gʰeder.

Proto-Germanic *auk

Old Norse auk

Old Norse ok

Old Danish ok

Danish og

From Old Danish ok, from Old Norse ok (“and, also”), from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och (“and”), ock (“also”), Dutch ook (“also”), and German auch (“also”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ʌ], [ɒw]

Conjunction

og

1. and

Adverb

og

1. (archaic, dialect) also

   Synonym: også

Particle

og

1. misspelling of at

References

• “og” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “og” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

Elfdalian

Etymology

From Old Norse ok, from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och.

Conjunction

og

1. and

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /oː/, [oːo̞]
• Homophones: ov (‘too’)

Conjunction

og

1. and

   Hanus og Janus

   Hans and Jens

   her og har

   here and there

See also

• bæði ... og

Gothic

Romanization

ōg

1. romanization of 𐍉𐌲

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɔɣ] (when unstressed)
• IPA^(key): [ˈɔːɣ] (when stressed)

  Rhymes: -ɔːɣ

Conjunction

og

1. and

   Kona og maður.

   A woman and a man.

   Ég heiti Baldur og þetta er Jón.

   My name is Baldur and this is Jón.

Derived terms

• Adam og Eva
• á milli steins og sleggju
• ár og síð
• bölva í sand og ösku
• bölva og ragna
• dömur mínar og herrar
• eins og
• ekki verður bæði sleppt og haldið
• fyrst og fremst
• gegnum súrt og sætt
• heilu og höldnu
• hægt og bítandi
• í húð og hár
• með kurt og pí
• pomp og prakt
• rigna eldi og brennisteini
• sem og
• um og ó
• þú og hvaða her

Kunjen

Noun

og

1. water

References

• Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method (2004, →ISBN)

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse ok (“and”), from earlier auk (“and”), from Proto-Germanic *auk (“also, too, furthermore”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase, enlarge”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/
• IPA^(key): /ɔɡʲ/ (less common)

Conjunction

og

1. and

References

• “og” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/
• Homophone: å

Conjunction

og

1. and

   Synonym: (Rodi cant) onno

References

• “og” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Irish

Etymology

Uncertain. Originally a neuter s-stem, perhaps *ugos.

This word cannot be derived from Proto-Celtic *āwyom (from which Brittonic words Welsh wy (“egg”) descend), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm, because the -g- and the vowel in Old Irish are unaccounted for.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈoɣ/

Noun

og n or m or f (genitive ugae, nominative plural ugae)

1. egg
2. (anatomy) testicle

Declension

Neuter s-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ogN	ogN	ugaeL
vocative	ogN	ogN	ugaeL
accusative	ogN	ogN	ugaeL
genitive	ugaeL	ugae	ugaeN
dative	uigL	ugaib	ugaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: ubh
• Manx: ooh
• Scottish Gaelic: ugh

Mutation

Mutation of og

radical	lenition	nasalization
og (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	og	n-og

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 og”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, retrieved 26 July 2024
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, § 338, page 216; reprinted 2017

Somali

Etymology

Cognate with Daasanach og, Oromo ogeessa (“expert”).

Verb

og (causative ogi, passive ogan, middle ogo)

1. (transitive) know, be aware of

Derived terms

• moog (“be ignorant”)

References

• “og”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaaliga, 2012

Welsh

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Welsh oc.

.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈoːɡ/

Noun

og f (plural ogau or ogiau)

1. harrow

   Synonym: oged

Derived terms

• cyntaf ei og, cyntaf ei gryman (“first come first served”, literally “first with his harrow, first with his sickle”)
• ogi (“to harrow”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of og

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
og	unchanged	unchanged	hog

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “og”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “og”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies