es

See also: Appendix:Variations of "es"

Languages (57)

Translingual • English

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Afrikaans • Alemannic German • Aragonese • Arin • Aromanian • Bavarian • Catalan • Cimbrian • Cornish • Crimean Tatar • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Finnish • French • Fuyug • Galician • German • Guinea-Bissau Creole • Hunsrik • Icelandic • Ido • Indonesian • Interlingua • Kabuverdianu • Ladino • Latgalian • Latin • Latvian • Lower Sorbian • Malay • Middle Dutch • Middle English • Middle French • Middle Irish • North Frisian • Norwegian Nynorsk • Occitan • Ojibwe • Old French • Old Irish • Old Norse • Pennsylvania German • Plautdietsch • Polish • Romagnol • Sawi • Scots • Slovak • Spanish • Sudovian • Tagalog • Tocharian A • Turkish • Welsh

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Page categories

Translingual

Etymology 1

Clipping of Spanish español.

Symbol

es

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Spanish.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Spanish terms

Etymology 2

Symbol

es

1. (radio slang) a synonym for "and"

   WX HR COLD ES RAINY

   The weather here is cold & rainy.

English

Etymology 1

Noun

es (plural esses)

1. Alternative form of ess (the name of the Latin script letter S/s) in compounds such as "es-hook".

Derived terms

• esmirtazapine

Etymology 2

From e + -s.

Noun

es

1. (rare) Alternative form of e's.

Etymology 3

Verb

es

1. Pronunciation spelling of is.

Etymology 4

Conjunction

es

1. Pronunciation spelling of as.
   • 1930, Captain Dingle, “In Conclusion” (chapter 34), in Seaworthy, Cambridge, Mass.: The Riverside Press, page 274:

     ‘How about thet reward you got comin’, Ben?’ Peter murmured. ‘Seems es if th’ boy was too much for you, don’t it? Or do you figger you deserve your pay?’

Etymology 5

Noun

es (plural eses)

1. The name of the Cyrillic script letter С / с.

Anagrams

• -se, SE, Se., se, se.

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch est, variant of eest, from Middle Dutch eeste (also este).

Noun

es (plural esse)

1. fireplace

   Synonym: vuurherd

Alemannic German

Pronunciation

• (Zürich) IPA^(key): /əs/, /ɛs/

Etymology 1

Article

es n

1. neuter of en: a/an
   • 1978, Rolf Lyssy & Christa Maerker, Die Schweizermacher (transcript):

     Das isch September vor eme Jar gsi.

     That was September a year ago.

Declension

	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative/accusative	en	e	es
dative	emene	enere	emene

• Short forms of the dative – eme, ere, eme – are also common.

Etymology 2

From Middle High German ëȥ, from Old High German iȥ, from Proto-Germanic *it. Cognate with German es.

Pronoun

es n

1. (personal) it

Declension

Alemannic German personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	possessive m
singular	1st person		ich, i	mich, mi	mir, mier, mer	min, miin
	2nd person	familiar	du	dich, di	dir, dier, der	din, diin
		polite	Si		Ine, Ene, -ne	Ire
	3rd person	m	er	in, en	im	sin, siin
		f	si		ire
		n	es, 's, -s		im	sin, siin
plural	1st person		mir, mer	üs, öis, ois, eus		üse, öise, oise, euse
	2nd person		ir, ier	öi, eu		öie, eure
	3rd person		si		ine, ene, -ne	ire

Aragonese

Pronoun

es

1. them (masculine direct object)

Synonyms

• los

Arin

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *es (“sky, god”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/ ~ /eʃ/

Noun

es (plural unknown)

1. sky; god

Usage notes

• Recorded by Philipp J. von Strahlenberg as eiſch [eʃ].

Further reading

• Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich (1968), “Материалы к срабнительно-исторической фонетике Енисейских языков. 1. Аринско-Енисейские соответствия”, in Ivanov, Vjacheslav Vselodovich, Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich, Uspenskij, Boris Andreevich, editors, Кетский Сборник 1: Лингвистика, Moscow: Nauka, pages 286-292
• Werner, Heinrich (2002), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, pages 272-273
• Werner, Heinrich K. (2005), Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, →ISBN, page 157

Aromanian

Alternative forms

• esu, ies, iesu

Etymology

From Latin exeō. Compare Daco-Romanian ieși, ies.

Verb

es (third-person singular easi or ease, participle ishitã)

1. to leave, exit, go out
2. (of the sun, moon) to rise
3. (figuratively) to defecate

Related terms

• ishiri / ishire
• ishit
• ishitã
• ishitor

See also

• mi-duc
• fug
• mi-cac

Bavarian

Etymology 1

Cognate with German es.

Pronoun

es

1. it (nominative)

   Synonym: des

Usage notes

The usage of es is mainly impersonal. When referring to a noun, the form des is preferred.

See also

Bavarian personal pronouns

		nominative		accusative		dative
		stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed
1st person singular		i	—	mi	—	mia (mir)	ma
2nd person singular	informal	du	—	di	—	dia (dir)	da
	formal	Sie	—	Eahna	—	Eahna	—
3rd person singular	m	er	a	eahm	'n	eahm	'n
	n	es, des	's	des	's
	f	se, de	's	se	's	ihr	—
1st person plural		mia (mir)	ma	uns	—	uns	—
2nd person plural		eß, ihr	—	enk, eich	—	enk, eich	—
3rd person plural		se	's	eahna	—	eahna	—

Etymology 2

Pronoun

es

1. alternative spelling of eß (“you”, plural)

Catalan

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin sē.

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): [əs]
• (Valencia) IPA^(key): [es]

Pronoun

es (proclitic, contracted s', enclitic se, contracted enclitic 's)

1. himself, herself, itself (direct or indirect object)
2. oneself (direct or indirect object)
3. themselves (direct or indirect object)
4. each other (direct or indirect object)

Usage notes

• es is the reinforced (reforçada) form of the pronoun. It is used before verbs beginning with a consonant.

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

			strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
				proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
singular	1st person	standard	jo, mi3	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
		majestic1	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
		formal1	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
		very formal2	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
	3rd person	m	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
		f	ella	la, l’4	-la	li	-li	seu
		n		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
plural
	1st person		nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
		formal2	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
	3rd person	m	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
		f	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive			si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial	ablative/genitive			en, n’	-ne, ’n
	locative			hi	-hi

¹ Behaves grammatically as plural.   ² Behaves grammatically as third person.
³ Only as object of a preposition.   ⁴ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Etymology 2

From Latin ipse.

Alternative forms

• so

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /əs/
• (Valencia) IPA^(key): /es/

Article

es m sg (feminine sa, masculine plural es, masculine plural sos, feminine plural ses)

1. (Balearic) the

Usage notes

• In Balearic Catalan, es contrasts with el as an obviative article, but is often used in first instance.

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern) [ˈe̞s]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈes]

Noun

es

1. plural of e (“the letter E”)

Further reading

• “es”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

• 'z (Luserna)
• is, 's

Etymology

From Middle High German ëz, iz, from Old High German iz, from Proto-West Germanic *it, from Proto-Germanic *it, nominative/accusative singular neuter of *iz. Cognate with German es.

Pronoun

es

1. (Sette Comuni) it

Inflection

Cimbrian personal pronouns

		nominative	accusative	dative
1st person singular		ich	mich	miar
2nd person singular	familiar	du	dich	diar
	polite	iart	ach	òich
3rd person singular	m	èar, ar	in, en	iime
	f	zi, ze		iar
	n	es, is	es, 's	iime
1st person plural		bar, bandare	zich	izàndarn
2nd person plural		iart, iartàndare, artàndare	òich, ach	ogàndarn
3rd person plural		ze, zòi, zandare	zich	innàndarn

References

• “es” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974), Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Cornish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Middle English ese, from Old French aise, eise.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛːz/

Noun

es m (uncountable)

1. ease, comfort, convenience

   Synonyms: attester, konfort

Derived terms

• es dhe dhevyndhya, es y us (“user friendly”)
• es y vovya (“emotionally unstable, nervous”)
• yn es (“easily”)

Adjective

es (comparative moy es / esya, superlative an esya)

1. easy

Adverb

yn es

1. easily

Etymology 2

Reduced from ages.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛz/

Preposition

es

1. than

Inflection

Inflection of es

		singular	plural
1st person		esov	eson
2nd person		esos	esowgh
3rd person	m	esso	essa
	f	essi

Derived terms

• gwell es (“better than”)
• moy es kans (“over a hundred”)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

es

1. inflection of esya:
   1. third-person singular present indicative/future indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

es

1. (short) second-person singular simple imperfect indicative of bos (“to be”)

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *es. Compare to Kumyk эс (es), etc.

Noun

es

1. mind, consciousness

References

• https://web.archive.org/web/20250411021149/https://classes.ru/all-crtatar/dictionary-crtatar-russian-cyr-term-14128.htm

Czech

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɛs]

Noun

es n (indeclinable)

1. The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) písmeno; á, bé, cé, dé, é, ef, gé, há, chá, í, jé, ká, el, em, en, ó, pé, kvé, er, es, té, ú, vé, dvojité vé, iks, ypsilon, zet

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɛs]

Noun

es n

1. inflection of eso:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative plural

Danish

Etymology 1

Via Middle Low German es, from Latin as.

Noun

es n (singular definite esset, plural indefinite esser)

1. (card games) ace

   Jeg har alle esserne.

   I have all the aces.

2. (tennis) abbreviation of servees

Declension

Declension of es

neuter gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	es	esset	esser	esserne
genitive	ess	essets	essers	essernes

See also

Playing cards in Danish · kort, spillekort (layout · text)
es	toer	treer	firer	femmer	sekser	syver
otter	nier	tier	knægt, bonde	dame, dronning	konge	joker

Etymology 2

Via Middle Low German esse, from Latin esse.

Noun

es c (indeclinable)

1. (only in the expression) være i sit es

   Synonym: være i sit rette element

Noun

es n (singular definite esset, plural indefinite esser)

1. (music) A flat; a bemol; ♭ (a note one semitone lower).

Declension

Declension of es

neuter gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	es	esset	esser	esserne
genitive	ess	essets	essers	essernes

References

• “es” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch essche, from Old Dutch *aska, from Proto-West Germanic *ask, from Proto-Germanic *askaz, *askiz.

Compare West Frisian esk, English ash, German Esche, Danish ask, compare Welsh onnen, Latin ornus (“wild mountain ash”), Lithuanian úosis, Russian ясень (jasenʹ), Albanian ah (“beech”), Ancient Greek ὀξύα (oxúa, “beech”), Old Armenian հացի (hacʻi, “ash tree”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: es
• Rhymes: -ɛs
• Homophone: Esch

Noun

es m (plural essen, diminutive esje n)

1. ash, ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior)
2. ash (any tree of genus Fraxinus)

Alternative forms

• esch (obsolete)

Derived terms

• esdoorn
• eslook
• essenstoof

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: es
• Rhymes: -ɛs

Noun

es f (plural essen, diminutive esje n)

1. (music) E-flat

Etymology 3

Reduced form of eens.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əs/, /ɪs/
• Hyphenation: es

Adverb

es

2. (informal, dialectal, often proscribed) alternative form of eens (“once”)

   Kom es hier. ― Come over here [for a second].

Etymology 4

From Middle Dutch esche, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *atiska-. More at German Esch, Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (atisk).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: es
• Rhymes: -ɛs

Noun

es m (plural essen, diminutive esje n)

1. a tract of open, often raised agricultural land near or surrounding a village or hamlet

   Synonym: enk

Alternative forms

• esch (obsolete)

Finnish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈes/, [ˈe̞s̠]
• Rhymes: -es
• Syllabification^(key): es
• Hyphenation^(key): es

Etymology 1

From German Es (German key notation).

Noun

es

1. (music) E-flat

Usage notes

Capitalized for the great octave or any octave below that, or in names of major keys; not capitalized for the small octave or any octave above that, or in names of minor keys.

Declension

Inflection of es (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative		es	esit
genitive		esin	esien
partitive		esiä	esejä
illative		esiin	eseihin
		singular	plural
nominative		es	esit
accusative	nom.	es	esit
	gen.	esin
genitive		esin	esien
partitive		esiä	esejä
inessive		esissä	eseissä
elative		esistä	eseistä
illative		esiin	eseihin
adessive		esillä	eseillä
ablative		esiltä	eseiltä
allative		esille	eseille
essive		esinä	eseinä
translative		esiksi	eseiksi
abessive		esittä	eseittä
instructive		—	esein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of es (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative esini esini accusative nom. esini esini gen. esini genitive esini esieni partitive esiäni esejäni inessive esissäni eseissäni elative esistäni eseistäni illative esiini eseihini adessive esilläni eseilläni ablative esiltäni eseiltäni allative esilleni eseilleni essive esinäni eseinäni translative esikseni eseikseni abessive esittäni eseittäni instructive — — comitative — eseineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative esisi esisi accusative nom. esisi esisi gen. esisi genitive esisi esiesi partitive esiäsi esejäsi inessive esissäsi eseissäsi elative esistäsi eseistäsi illative esiisi eseihisi adessive esilläsi eseilläsi ablative esiltäsi eseiltäsi allative esillesi eseillesi essive esinäsi eseinäsi translative esiksesi eseiksesi abessive esittäsi eseittäsi instructive — — comitative — eseinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative esimme esimme accusative nom. esimme esimme gen. esimme genitive esimme esiemme partitive esiämme esejämme inessive esissämme eseissämme elative esistämme eseistämme illative esiimme eseihimme adessive esillämme eseillämme ablative esiltämme eseiltämme allative esillemme eseillemme essive esinämme eseinämme translative esiksemme eseiksemme abessive esittämme eseittämme instructive — — comitative — eseinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative esinne esinne accusative nom. esinne esinne gen. esinne genitive esinne esienne partitive esiänne esejänne inessive esissänne eseissänne elative esistänne eseistänne illative esiinne eseihinne adessive esillänne eseillänne ablative esiltänne eseiltänne allative esillenne eseillenne essive esinänne eseinänne translative esiksenne eseiksenne abessive esittänne eseittänne instructive — — comitative — eseinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative esinsä esinsä accusative nom. esinsä esinsä gen. esinsä genitive esinsä esiensä partitive esiään esiänsä esejään esejänsä inessive esissään esissänsä eseissään eseissänsä elative esistään esistänsä eseistään eseistänsä illative esiinsä eseihinsä adessive esillään esillänsä eseillään eseillänsä ablative esiltään esiltänsä eseiltään eseiltänsä allative esilleen esillensä eseilleen eseillensä essive esinään esinänsä eseinään eseinänsä translative esikseen esiksensä eseikseen eseiksensä abessive esittään esittänsä eseittään eseittänsä instructive — — comitative — eseineen eseinensä

Derived terms

compounds

• Es-duuri
• es-molli

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *es, derived from Proto-Uralic *e- (“this”) (the same root as in että) +‎ -s. Cognate with obsolete Võro es (“if, (even) though”).

Conjunction

es (obsolete)

1. (even) though

   Synonym: vaikka

   • 1551, Mikael Agricola, chapter LXVI, in Dauidin psaltari:

     Eipe heiden pidhe woittaman eli ylikaͤdhen ſaaman, Es quinga corkiaſti he lẽdeuet

     [Eipä heidän pidä voittaman eli ylikäden saaman, es kuinka korkeasti he lentävät]

     They shall not win nor gain the upper hand, even though they may fly however high

Anagrams

• se

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛ/, (in liaison) /ɛ.z‿/ ~ /e.z‿/

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Brétigny-sur-Orge)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ
• Homophones: ai, aie, aies, aient, ait, est, hais, hait

Verb

es

1. second-person singular present indicative of être

   Est-ce que tu es prêt ?

   Are you ready?

Anagrams

• SE, se

Fuyug

Noun

es (plural esing)

1. child

References

• Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

Galician

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Verb

es

1. second-person singular present indicative of ser

German

Alternative forms

• 's (chiefly informal or poetic)
• -'s

Pronunciation

• (stressed) IPA^(key): /ɛs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /əs/

Etymology 1

From Middle High German ëȥ, from Old High German iȥ, from Proto-Germanic *it (“it”). Compare English it, which instead descends from Proto-Germanic *hit (“it”). Cognate with Yiddish עס (es).

Pronoun

es n sg

1. (personal) Refers to a neuter noun (person, animal, thing or abstract)
   1. it, they

      Wo ist das Buch? Es liegt auf dem Tisch. ― Where's the book? It’s on the table.

      Welche Farbe hat das Pferd? Es ist weiß. ― What color is the horse? It is white.

      Wo ist das Kind? Ich habe es. ― Where is the child? I have it.

      Ich bin es, Michael. ― It's me, Michael.

      Jedes Vorstandsmitglied kann das Wort ergreifen, wenn es dies wünscht. ― Any board member may take the floor if they so wish.

   2. he (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a male person, is neuter [das])

      Ich bemerkte ein merkwürdiges bärtiges Individuum und beschloss, es im Auge zu behalten. ― I remarked a strange bearded individual and decided to keep an eye on him.

   3. she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a feminine person, is neuter [das])

      Das Mädchen wusste nicht, dass es beobachtet wurde. ― The girl didn’t know that she was being observed.

      • 1952, Marie Luise Kaschnitz, Das dicke Kind:

        Das Kind sagte nichts und sah mich mit seinen kühlen Augen an. Dann war es fort.

        The child said nothing and looked at me with her cold eyes. Then she was gone.

2. (impersonal) it, that, there (used to refer to statements, activities, the environment etc., or as a placeholder/dummy pronoun)

   Das kann es nicht geben. ― This is nothing that could possibly exist. (literally, “This, that cannot be.”)

   Es war einmal eine schöne Prinzessin. ― There was once a beautiful princess.

   Sie begann zu laufen, und ich tat es auch. ― She started to run, and so did I. (literally, “She began to run, and I did it also.”)

   Es ist gut zu leben! ― It's good to be alive!

   Es regnet. ― It’s raining.

   Es ist sicher, dass morgen die Sonne scheinen wird. ― It's certain that the sun will shine tomorrow.

   Wie geht es dir? ― How are you doing? (literally, “How goes it you?”)

   Es spielt das Fernsehorchester. ― The television orchestra is playing. (literally, “It plays, the television orchestra.”)

   Sie wird es noch weit bringen. ― She is going to go far.

Usage notes

• As a pronoun standing in for nouns which are grammatically neutral and which refer to people, it is sometimes considered old-fashioned or dated to insist on using the neutral es instead of er/sie, especially for Mädchen, in spoken language, and when there is a large distance between when the person is introduced and when the corresponding pronoun is used.
• In a small and closed set of phrases, es continues a Middle High German ës which was the genitive of ëz: Ich bin es müde ‘I am tired of it’.
• In the colloquial speech of some areas, this pronoun is fully replaced with the demonstrative pronoun das, with which it shares the unstressed reduction /s/. This reflects a similar development for sie/die, but predates it.

Declension

German personal pronouns

	singular					plural			sing. and pl.
	1st person	2nd person familiar1	3rd person			1st person	2nd person familiar1	3rd person	2nd person polite/formal
			m	f	n
nominative	ich	du -e2	er	sie -se2	es	wir	ihr	sie -se2	Sie Ihr3
genitive	meiner mein3	deiner dein3	seiner sein3	ihrer	seiner sein3	unser	euer	ihrer	Ihrer Euer3
dative	mir	dir	ihm	ihr	ihm	uns	euch	ihnen	Ihnen Euch3
accusative	mich	dich	ihn	sie -se2	es	uns	euch	sie -se2	Sie Euch3

¹These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters.    ²enclitic, colloquial    ³archaic

Derived terms

• Es
• -'s
• by the German spelling reform of 1996: gehts, nimms, wenns

Etymology 2

Article

es n

1. (regional, colloquial) alternative form of das

   Soll ich es Fenster zumachen?

   Should I close the window?

Usage notes

• The contracted form 's is more common, but es is also frequently heard.

Etymology 3

Noun

es

1. plural of e

Further reading

• “es”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎^[5] (in German)

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese este. Cognate with Kabuverdianu es.

Pronoun

es

1. this

Hunsrik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˌəs/, /ˈes/
• Rhymes: -es
• Syllabification: es
• Homophone: ess

Pronoun

es

1. it

Inflection

Hunsrik personal pronouns

			nominative		accusative		dative
			proclitic	enclitic	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed
singular	1st person		ich eich	-ich	mich meich		meer	mer m'r
	2nd person (informal)		du dau/Dau	-du, -de -Dau, -De	dich deich/Deich		deer	der d'r/D'r
	3rd person	m	er; där	-er	ihn	en	ihm	em
		f	sie; die	-se	sie / ihns	se	eer ehr	re
		n	es; das et, 't	's	es et	-et, -'t	ihm	em
plural	1st person		meer	mer	uns uhs
	2nd person		deer Ehr, Dehr	der	eich Auch
	3rd person		sie; die	-se	sie	se	denne

Further reading

• Boll, Piter Kehoma (2021), “es”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português, 3rd edition (overall work in Portuguese), Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch

Icelandic

Etymology

Borrowed from German Es. Equivalent to E +‎ -es.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɛːs]
• Rhymes: -ɛːs

Noun

es n (genitive singular es or ess, nominative plural es)

1. (music) E flat

Declension

Declension of es (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	es	esið	es	esin
accusative	es	esið	es	esin
dative	es, esi	esinu	esum	esunum
genitive	es, ess	esins, essins	esa	esanna

Related terms

• e
• eses
• as
• ces
• des
• fes
• ges

References

• Kristín Bjarnadóttir, editor (2002–2026), “es”, in Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls [The Database of Modern Icelandic Inflection] (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
• Mörður Árnason (2019), Íslensk orðabók, 5th edition, Reykjavík: Forlagið

Ido

Etymology

By assimilation with  English is, French es, Italian essere, Spanish es.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛs/

Verb

es

1. apocopic form of esas

   Me es hike pro ke lu volis lo. ― I am here because he wanted me here.

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈɛs/ [ˈɛs]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛs
• Syllabification: es

Etymology 1

From Malay es from Dutch ijs, from Middle Dutch ijs, from Old Dutch *īs, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

Noun

ès (plural es-es)

1. ice
2. cold beverage

Alternative forms

• ais (Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore)
• ijs (1901–1947)

Derived terms

• es bantut
• es batu
• es bening
• es brenibon
• es buah campolai
• es buah hunkue
• es buah tap
• es campur
• es caruk
• es cendol
• es cendol kopi
• es doger
• es Fürst Pückler
• es goyang
• es goyobod
• es hanyut
• es kering
• es kolang-kaling
• es krim
• es krim Neapolitan
• es laksmana mengamuk
• es lekat
• es lilin
• es loder
• es mambo
• es oyen
• es pisang ijo
• es podeng
• es potong
• es puter
• es rumput laut
• es saguer
• es sekoteng
• es selasih
• es selendang mayang
• es serpihan
• es serut
• es tebak
• es teh
• es teh tarik
• es teler

• lemari es

Etymology 2

From Dutch es.

Noun

ès (plural es-es)

1. The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

Further reading

• “es”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Interlingua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /es/

Verb

es

1. present indicative of esser: is, are, am

Kabuverdianu

Etymology 1

From Portuguese eles.

Pronoun

es

1. they

Etymology 2

From Portuguese este.

Pronoun

es

1. this

Ladino

Etymology

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

es

1. third-person singular present indicative of ser

Latgalian

Alternative forms

• (archaic) as

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ. Cognates include Latvian es and Lithuanian aš.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈæs]
• Hyphenation: es

Pronoun

es

1. I

Declension

Declension of es

	singular	plural
nominative	es	mes
genitive	mane, mani	myusu
dative	maņ	mums
accusative	mani	myus
locative	manī	myusūs

See also

Latgalian personal pronouns

	first	second	third
			anaphoric		logophoric
			m	f	m	f
singular	es	tu	jis	jei	šys	šei
plural	mes	jius	jī	juos	šī	šuos

References

• Nicole Nau (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 35

Latin

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɛs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛs]

Noun

es n or f (indeclinable)

1. The name of the letter S.

Usage notes

• Multiple Latin names for the letter S, s have been suggested. The most common is es or a syllabic s, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, sē, sss, əs, sə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ισσε (isse).

Coordinate terms

• (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

References

• “es”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *es, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ési.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɛs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛs]

Verb

es

1. second-person singular present active indicative of sum (“you are”)
2. second-person singular present active imperative of sum (“be”)

Alternative forms

• 's (indicative clitic)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈeːs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛs]

Verb

ēs

1. second-person singular present active indicative of edō
2. second-person singular present active imperative of edō

Synonyms

• edis

Latvian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ (from *éǵh₂).

The non-nominative forms derive from Proto-Indo-European dependent stem *me- (the a instead of e in the Baltic languages appears to result from Iranian influence): reduplicated *me-me- → *mene → Proto-Baltic genitive/accusative *mane → *manen (by analogy with other accusatives) → *manens (by analogy with other genitives) → genitive manis, while *manen → accusative mani. Dative man comes from an older *mani. Instrumental variant manim imitates the nominal i-stem paradigm.

Cognates include Lithuanian aš (archaic eš), Old Prussian es, as, Sudovian as, Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ (Old Church Slavonic азъ (azŭ), Old East Slavic ꙗзъ (jazŭ), Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian я (ja), Bulgarian аз (az), Czech já (from jaz), Polish ja (from jaz)), Proto-Germanic *ekan, *ek (Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik), Old Norse ek, Old High German ih, German ich, Old English ic, English I), Hittite [script needed] (uk), Sanskrit अहम् (ahám), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨 (azəm), Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), Latin ego, Ossetian ӕз (æz).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛs]

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

es (personal, 1st person singular)

1. I; first person pronoun, referring to the speaker

   Es te dzīvoju. ― I live here.

   Viņš mani sastapa ceļā. ― He met me on the road.

   Atnāc pie manis! ― Come to me (to my place)!

   Nāc ar mani dejot! ― Come dance with me!

   Man nav laika. ― I don't have time. (lit. There is no time to me.)

Usage notes

The dative form manim is used only optionally, with prepositions.

Declension

nominative	es
genitive	manis
dative	man (manim)
accusative	mani
instrumental	mani
locative	manī

Related terms

• manējs

See also

• vietniekvārds

Latvian personal pronouns

		singular	plural
1st person		es	mēs
2nd person	familiar	tu	jūs
	polite	jūs
3rd person	m	viņš	viņi
	f	viņa	viņas

Noun

es m (invariable)

1. I, ego (the essence of a person)

   mans es ― my I, my ego

   Runātājs izcēla savu es. ― The speaker highlighted his I, his ego.

   Briesmīgi nezināt nekā un just tikai sevi, savu es. ― It is terrible to know and feel nothing except oneself, one's I.

   Cilvēks var pierādīt savu vērtību, apliecināt savu “es” tikai darbā. ― A person can prove their worth, testify their “I”, only in (their) work.

Etymology 2

A cross-linguistically frequent way of naming this sound, and the respective letter.

Noun

es m (invariable)

1. The Latvian name of the Latin script letter S/s.

See also

• Latvian letter names:

  a (A), garais ā (Ā), bē (B), cē (C), čē (Č), dē (D), e (E), garais ē (Ē), ef (F), gā (G), ģē (Ģ), hā (H), i (I), garais ī (Ī), jē (J), kā (K), ķē (Ķ), el (L), eļ (Ļ), em (M), en (N), eņ (Ņ), o (O), pē (P), er (R), es (S), eš (Š), tē (T), u (U), garais ū (Ū), vē (V), zē (Z), žē (Ž)

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Noun

es m inan

1. The name of the Latin script letter s/S.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) a, bej, cej, čet, ćej, dej, ej, ět, ef, gej, ha, cha, i, jot, ka, eł, el, em, en, ejn, o, pej, er, ejŕ, es, eš, śej, tej, u, wej, y, zet, žet, źej

Malay

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈes/ [ˈʔes]

Etymology 1

From English ess.

Noun

és (plural es-es or es²)

1. The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

Synonyms

• ès (Indonesian)
• sin (Jawi letter name)

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) huruf; e, bi, si, di, i, ef, ji, hec, ai, je, ke, el, em, en, o, pi, kiu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dabel yu, eks, way, zed

Etymology 2

From Dutch ijs, from Middle Dutch ijs, from Old Dutch *īs, from Proto-Germanic *īsą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-.

Noun

es (plural es-es or es²)

1. (Riau) ice

   Synonyms: air batu, (Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore) ais

Middle Dutch

Pronoun

es

1. genitive of hi
2. genitive of het

Verb

es

1. alternative form of is; third-person singular present indicative of wēsen

Middle English

Etymology 1

Determiner

es

1. alternative form of his (“his”)

Pronoun

es

1. alternative form of his (“his”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

es

1. alternative form of his (“her”)

Etymology 3

Verb

es

1. alternative form of is (“is”)

Middle French

Etymology 1

Old French es ("[you] are").

Verb

es

1. second-person singular present indicative of estre

Etymology 2

Old French es ("in the").

Contraction

es

1. contraction of en +‎ les, literally “in the (plural)”

Middle Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /es/

Noun

es f (genitive esi)

1. stoat, weasel

Descendants

• Irish: eas

Mutation

Mutation of es

radical	lenition	nasalization
es (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-es

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 es”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

North Frisian

Verb

es

1. third-person singular present of wiis

Norwegian Nynorsk

Verb

es

1. present of asa (to swell, ferment)

Occitan

Verb

es

1. third-person singular present indicative of èsser

Ojibwe

Etymology

From Proto-Algonquian *e·hsa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /eːsː/

Noun

es anim (plural esag, diminutive esens)

1. clam, oyster
2. shell

References

• Nora Livesay and John D. Nichols, editors (2012-2021), “es”, in Ojibwe People's Dictionary‎^[6], University of Minnesota

Old French

Etymology

Contraction of en les.

Preposition

es

1. in the
   • 1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine), page 186 of this essay:

     l'autre partie va es muscules

     the other part goes into the muscles

Descendants

• French: ès (archaic except in fixed expressions)

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈes/

Alternative forms

• ess (theoretically available for all senses; attested in only some)

Etymology 1

Noun

es (gender unknown)

1. the letter s

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

es (gender unknown)

1. death

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

es (gender unknown)

1. food

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

es (gender unknown)

1. ox

Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronoun

es

1. alternative spelling of as: third-person singular masculine of a

Mutation

Mutation of es

radical	lenition	nasalization
es (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	es	n-es

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Old Norse

Etymology 1

From Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. Evolved to younger variant er. Compare vesa, vas (vera, var).

Verb

es

1. archaic form of er, third-person singular indicative present of vera

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

Pronoun

es

1. archaic form of er (“which, that”)

Conjunction

es

1. archaic form of er (“when, where”)

Pennsylvania German

Alternative forms

• 's

Etymology

Compare German es, Dutch het, English it.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

Article

es n (definite)

1. nominative/accusative neuter singular of der: the

Declension

	singular				plural
	m	f	n
nominative	der	die	es		die
dative	dem, em	der	dem, em		de
accusative	der, den	die	es		die

Pronoun

es n

1. it

Declension

Pennsylvania German personal pronouns

Number	singular						plural
Person/ Gender	1st	2nd person		3rd person			1st	2nd	3rd
		familiar	polite/formal	m	f	n
nominative	ich	du de1	dihr der1 Sie	er	sie se1	es	mir mer1	dihr der1	sie
dative	mir mer1	dir der1	eich Ihne Ne1	ihm em1	ihre re1	ihm em1	uns	eich	ihne ne1
accusative	mich	dich	eich Sie	ihn en1	sie se1	es			sie

¹ unstressed

Plautdietsch

Verb

es

1. third-person singular present of sennen

Polish

Etymology

Phonetic spelling of the letter.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛs/
• Rhymes: -ɛs
• Syllabification: es

Noun

es n (indeclinable)

1. The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

Further reading

• “es”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[7] (in Polish)

Romagnol

Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

Verb

es

1. to be
2. (auxiliary, used to form composite past tense of many intransitive verbs) to have (done something).

Sawi

Interjection

es

1. at once

   Uvur haramavimaken, du famud, es! — The tide is about to turn; cook the sago at once!

2. enough

Scots

Noun

es (plural eses)

1. alternative spelling of aes

Slovak

Etymology

From the sound of the letter.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /es/, [ˈes]
• Rhymes: -es

Noun

es m inan

1. (dialectal) S-shaped potato peeler

Declension

Declension of es
(pattern dub)

	singular	plural
nominative	es	esy
genitive	esa	esov
dative	esu	esom
accusative	es	esy
locative	ese	esoch
instrumental	esom	esmi

Further reading

• “es”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈes/ [ˈes]

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -es
• Syllabification: es

Etymology 1

From Latin est, from Proto-Italic *est, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Sanskrit अस्ति (ásti), English is.

Verb

es

1. third-person singular present indicative of ser

Etymology 2

Noun

es f pl

1. plural of e

Sudovian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *ís. Compare Lithuanian ji̇̀s, but dissimilar Latvian viņš (“he”), Old Prussian tāns (“he”).

Pronoun

eſ m

1. (third-person singular) he
   • 1985 [1984], Pogańske gwary z Narewu [Pagan dialects from Narew], sourced from copy by V. Zinow, line 4:

     on — eſ

     he

Tagalog

Etymology

Borrowed from English ess, the English name of the letter S / s.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔes/ [ʔɛs]
• Rhymes: -es
• Syllabification: es

Noun

es (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜐ᜔)

1. the name of the Latin script letter S/s, in the Filipino alphabet

   Synonyms: (in the Abakada alphabet) sa, (in the Abecedario) ese

See also

• (Latin-script letter names) titik; ey, bi, si, di, i, ef, dyi, eyts, ay, dyey, key, el, em, en, enye, en dyi, o, pi, kyu, ar, es, ti, yu, vi, dobolyu, eks, way, zi

Further reading

• “es”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018

Anagrams

• se

Tocharian A

Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Compare Tocharian B āntse.

Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Sanskrit स्कन्ध (skandha, “shoulder; aggregate”).

Noun

es m

1. shoulder
3. (Buddhism) aggregate, skandha

Declension

Declension of es

	singular	plural	dual
nominative	—	esañ (3)	esäṃ (2)
oblique	es (5)	esas (1)	—
genitive	—	—	—
instrumental	—	—	—
allative	—	—	—
ablative	—	—	—
locative	—	—	esnaṃ (2)
perlative	esā (4)	—	—
comitative	—	—	—

Derived terms

• es lyukrā särki
• -esneṃ
• -esnum

References

• Carling & Pinault (2023), page 74ab: “es”
• Poucha (1955), page 41: “es”
• TEB, vol. 2, page 86: “es”

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *es (“memory, mind”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /es/

Noun

es

1. (archaic) mind
2. (archaic) memory

Derived terms

• eslemek

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /eːs/
• Rhymes: -eːs

Verb

es

1. first-person singular preterite colloquial of mynd

Synonyms

• euthum (literary)