dh-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dh"

Lower Tanana

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ð/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *s-. Compare Navajo si-, Ahtna z-.

Alternative forms

• th-

Prefix

dh-

1. Marks neuter imperfective verbs

   dhetanh ― he/she is sleeping

   dhe'onh ― a compact object lies

2. Marks active perfective verbs

   dhetltsinh ― I made it

   tadheyo ― he/she left (literally, “he/she started to go”)

3. (with the negative suffix -ą́) Marks the negative form of verbs

   dhesdo'ą́ ― I am not sitting

   xexithyayą́ ― they are not talking

Derived terms

Lower Tanana terms prefixed with dh-

baxudhetroth

be'eɬ ch'etadht'a'

bets'e ch'etadheyonenh

beyi tadhdleni

beyi tu tadhdleni

ch'enadhjet

Ch'etitadhkanenh

dadhdlo

dadhegwnh

dadhek'wn'

dadheyh

dadhghatl

dadhgwni

dadhtonh

dathdenok

dexodhdode

dhe'onh

dhedli'

dothdet'oddhi

dhedo

ethdetlak

ethdeyh

ethtl'uni

ghadhnik

k'odhdoyą́

be'aɬ k'oxudeniyi beyi dhedloyi

edletonh

nadh'onh

nadheyonh

nathdetlak

niɬgho'ethdedona

nonathdetanenh

nothdlaghi

tach'enatht'onh

tadhton

tathdeghasr

tenadhtanh

tth'idadh'o

tth'idh'o

tth'iyitht'an'

xexethdedo

xudh'onh

xwdathdejet

xwnadhek'wtth

yitltron'

dhedli

dhegwnh

dhekonh

dhet'a

dhetanh

dhetonh

dhetron'

Etymology 2

Cognate with the Navajo thematic prefix si-, which relates to destruction.

Prefix

dh-

1. The dh-qualifier, a prefix found only in a few verbs relating to killing, listening, and the movement of sound.

References

• Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, pages 139-141

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies

ALIV	dh-
Brazilian standard	dh-
New Tribes	dh-

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ð-]

Prefix

dh-

1. (Cunucunuma River dialect) alternative form of y- (third-person prefix)

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
						transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-1
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü					n-, ni-
distant past third person		—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person
second person > first person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above