Appendix:Proto-Upper Cross River reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Upper Cross River reconstructions is from Dimmendaal (1978: 317-322).
List
[edit]| Gloss | Proto-Upper Cross River |
|---|---|
| abuse | *dákì |
| arm | *-bɔ́k |
| armpit | *-pá |
| arrow | *-tàŋí |
| ashes | *-tɔ́ŋ |
| ask | *bí(í)ɓ |
| axe | *-báɗì |
| back | *-dìmá |
| bad | *bí(í)ɓé |
| bag | *-kpà |
| bake, fry | *káŋà |
| bark | *-kpáy |
| bear a child | *mààɗà |
| beat a person | *tímì |
| beat a drum | *kpá |
| bee | *-kɔ̀kɔ́nì |
| belly | *-póɗì |
| belly, abdomen | *-to |
| bird | *-nɔ̀ná |
| bite | *dómà |
| black | *bínà |
| blood | *-dè; *-yìŋ |
| blow with mouth | *gʷuma; *gʷùna |
| boat | *-dyeɗ |
| body | *dyòɗ |
| bone | *-kúpà |
| breast | *-báy |
| buffalo, bushcow | *-tím |
| bury | *nɪ |
| bush | *-kɔ́ɗ |
| buttocks | *-tɪɓɪ |
| buy | *-dɛ̀ɓ |
| calabash | *-tíɓ; *-koɗa |
| carry on head | *ttóɗì |
| carve | *kʷɔ́ |
| charcoal | *-bínè |
| chicken, hen | *-kɔ́kì |
| chief, king | *-bɔ́ɗ |
| child | *gʷá-(à)n/*bá- |
| chin, jaw | *-bémà |
| climb | *bèɗí |
| cloth | *-báɗá |
| cock | *-nɔ̀ná -dómà; *-kɔ́kì -dómà |
| come | *ppu |
| come, enter | *bá |
| compound | *-kema |
| corpse | *-buɗɪ |
| count | *tòn; *pukɪ |
| cow | *-pɔ́m |
| crab | *-kánì |
| crocodile | *dyèɓ |
| dance, pound | *túɓ; *túmà |
| dance, sing | *bínà; *d(y)em |
| day, sunshine | *-dɪ |
| deep | *dòŋà |
| defecate | *nɛ̀ |
| die | *kʷá |
| do, make | *te |
| dog | *-byá |
| door, mouth | *-mà |
| drink | *gʷáɗ |
| dry | *gʷú; *kanɪ |
| dry season | *-nomɪ |
| dust, rubbish | *-pòkì |
| dust, sand | *-bó |
| dwell, live | * nukɪ |
| ear | *-ttóŋ(ì) |
| eat | *dyá |
| egg | *-kkèŋí |
| elephant | *-nì |
| enter | *kɪɓa |
| extinguish | *dímà |
| eye | *dyèná |
| faeces | *-bíŋ |
| fall | *-ttɔ̀ |
| father | *-ttɛ́ |
| fear | *boɓ |
| feather | *-koko; *dyenɪ |
| female | *-mà(à)ɗ(ì) |
| fifteen | *-dín |
| fight | *no |
| fill, be full | *dyíɓà |
| finger | *-nóy |
| fir | *-kʷɔ́n |
| firewood | *-mèɗí |
| fish | *-tèn mà-ní |
| five | *-tân,; *-tánɒ̆ |
| fly, jump | *pé; *gʷuɗ |
| follow | *toɗɪ |
| food | *-dyá |
| foot | *-kpàɗ |
| forge | *d(y)ákà |
| forget | *d(y)ama; *yɪna |
| four | *-nàŋì; *-nàŋ |
| friend | *-dɔme |
| full | *yuka |
| give | *ní |
| give, dash | *kyàŋ |
| goat | *-bɔn |
| greet | *tímá; *yeɗa |
| ground | *-kké |
| ground, earth | *-dɔ̀(k)ì |
| guinea fowl | *-kɔ́n |
| hair, root, vein | *-dɪŋa |
| head | *-ttó |
| hear | *kòɓ; *kòmà |
| heart, liver | *-tɪma |
| heart, inside | *-teŋ |
| heavy | *dóɓì |
| hill, mountain | *-kpón |
| hoe, axe | *-kɔ̀ɗí |
| hoe, knife | *-maɗɪ |
| hold, squeeze, catch | *ppɪ- |
| horn | *-ppìk |
| house | *-ttɔ́ |
| housefly | *-tɪtɪŋe |
| hunger | *-kʷaŋ |
| hunter | *-kpaɗɪ |
| husk, nail | *-kòŋ |
| iron | *-kóŋà |
| jaw, cheek | *-gbà |
| kill | *pun; *gʷóɗ |
| knee | *-dúŋí |
| kneel | *kkɪmɪ |
| knife | *-kɪɓe |
| know | *dyòŋá |
| laugh | *kyák; *màm |
| leaf | *-kʷàŋ |
| learn | *kpéɓì |
| left aide | *-kím; *-kpá -bɔ́k |
| leg | *-pɔ̀n |
| leopard | *-kpè |
| lick | *dákì; *dɪɓɪ |
| lie down | *nómá |
| long | *ttanɪ |
| louse | *-dáŋ |
| make, build | *náŋ |
| male, man | *-dómà |
| market | *-bɪn; *-ppyà |
| marry | *bá |
| mat | *-puɗɪ |
| meat, animal | *-tèn |
| medicine man, native doctor | *-bɔ́ká |
| monkey | *-ppókà |
| moon | *-pé |
| mortar | *-tɔm; *-pona |
| mosquito, bee | *-tɔtɔŋɪ; *-boŋ |
| mother | *-nɛ; *-kà |
| mould | *boɗa |
| mouth | *-mà |
| mud, ground | *-dɔ̀ɓì |
| name | *-dínà |
| navel | *-kóɓ |
| neck | *-kòɗá |
| new | *-páy; *-komɪ |
| night, darkness | *-dùŋì |
| nose | *dyòná |
| oil, fat | *-này; *-nomɪ |
| oil palm | *-dí |
| old | *tèmà |
| one | *gʷá-nì |
| open | *kʷùŋ(eɗe) |
| path | *-dén |
| penis | *-noma |
| person | *-nèɗ |
| plantain | *-nòɗ; *-kɔma |
| quarrel, fight | *-kàn |
| rain (verb) | *teɓ |
| rain (noun) | *-boɗ |
| rainy season | *-teɓɪ |
| rat | *-kpí |
| red | *kóɗà |
| refuse | *tɪn; *pùm |
| remember | *bene |
| return | *ppénè |
| right | *-dómà -bɔ́k |
| river | *-yɔ̀ŋá |
| road, path | *-ttòŋ |
| roast | *pɔ́ɓ(ì) |
| root, hair | *-tɪna |
| rope | *-díkì |
| rot, swell, stink | *-buɓ |
| rotten | *-dok(ɪ) |
| rubbish heap | *-bɪmɪ; *-tumɪ |
| saliva | *-tay |
| salt, pepper | *-núŋò |
| sand, dust | *-bùmá |
| see | *yén; *bónà |
| send | *tóm |
| sew, pierce | *kím(à) |
| sheep | *-tama |
| shine, be white | *gʷaɗɪ |
| shoot, hunt, chase | *tá |
| short, small | *kɪma |
| show | *ke |
| sing | *kʷɔ́n |
| sleep, lie down | *mɪna |
| sleep (noun) | *-ɗáɓí |
| small | *kpuɗɪ |
| smoke (noun) | *-ttoŋ |
| snail, rope | *-kɔ́ɗɔ̀ |
| snake | *dyɔ́k(ì) |
| song | *-kʷɔ́ní |
| sow, plant | *konɪ |
| spear | *-kɔnɪ |
| spit | *tu- |
| spread in the sun to dry | *gʷánì; *yánì |
| stand (up) | *báɗí |
| star | *-kòkónì |
| steal | *dyíɓà |
| stew, soup | *-dok |
| stink, swell, smell | *dúm |
| stone | *-tàn |
| story | *-ttá |
| stranger, guest | *-kèn(à) |
| stretch, lie down | *yema |
| strong, hard | *kpoɗe; *kpɔkɪ |
| surpass | *tá(ŋɪ) |
| swallow | *mèn |
| sweep | *kpò(ɗ)ì; *táŋà |
| sweet | *dómá |
| swim | *gʷɔ́k |
| tail | *-kkénà; *-kkéŋ |
| take out, draw | *ttá(ŋa) |
| tear (verb) | *tákì |
| tell (a story) | *ttáŋá |
| ten | *dyòɓ |
| thigh | *-tákí |
| thing | *-pén; *-bom |
| think | *tona; *kɛ́ɗí |
| three | *-ttáɗ; *-ttán |
| tongue | *-dák |
| tongue, throat | *-mèná |
| tooth | *-ttân |
| tortoise | *-kʷún |
| tree | *-tté |
| twenty | *-níɓ |
| two | *-ppán |
| uncleared land, bush | *-tɪma |
| urinate | *dyaŋ |
| vein, blood | *-ní |
| village, house | *-dón |
| vomit | *kɔ́k |
| vulture | *-teɗe |
| walk | *kkàŋá |
| wall | *-kpoɗo |
| wash (body) | *koy |
| water | *-nì |
| weave, plait hair | *nòkà |
| weep, cry | *tt- |
| well | *-be |
| wet, cold | *dóɗ(ɪ); *doɓɪ |
| white | *poɗɪ |
| wife | *gʷá-nɔ̀/*bɔ́- |
| wife | *gʷá-dómà/*bá- |
| wild pig | *-ttèy |
| wind | *-pɛ(pɛ) |
| wing | *-bábàŋ; *-pé-; *-bo(ɓ) |
| woman | *gʷá-nòɗ / bá-*gʷá-nèɗ / bá-*-dɔ́kì |
| word, name | *-kóm |
| work (noun) | *-tomo |
| wring | *mɪnɪ |
| year | *-de; *-bɪn |
References
[edit]- Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 1978. The Consonants of Proto-Upper Cross and their Implications for the Classification of the Upper Cross Languages. Leiden: Leiden University.