Appendix:Proto-Central Togo reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Central Togo reconstructions is from Heine (1968: 258-261).
Note: German glosses are directly from the original source. English glosses, not in the source, are translations in progress.
List
[edit]| German gloss | English gloss | Proto-Central Togo |
|---|---|---|
| abbrechen (abschneiden) | break off (cut off) | *la |
| abfallen (von Blättern) | fall off (of leaves) | *kpá |
| abschneiden (abbrechen) | cut off (break off) | *la |
| alt sein (vom Menschen) | be old (of a person) | *bé |
| Ameise | ant | *o-ŋuné /ba- |
| anderer | another | *-(m)bambá |
| anfangen | begin | *ke- |
| anschwellen (voll sein) | swell (be full) | *yíu |
| Arm | arm | *-wola |
| Arm (Hand) | arm (hand) | *ku-núe /a- |
| Arznei | medicine | *ku-ʄá /a- |
| Asche | ash | *n-to° |
| Ast (Zweig) | branch | *o-lǎn- /i- |
| atmen | breathe | *ŋúna |
| aufhören | stop | *bále |
| Auge | eye | *ki-nu-bí /bi- |
| Axt | ax | *ka-ʄía /ku- |
| baden (waschen) | bathing (washing) | *welú |
| Bauch (Magen) | belly (stomach) | *ka-po° /ku-; *ku-tí /a- |
| Baum | tree | *ku-wyéu /a- |
| Baumrinde | bark | *li-kólo /a- |
| begleiten (führen) | accompany (lead) | *kpalá |
| Bein | leg | *li-búalí /a- |
| Bein (Fuß) | leg (foot) | *ku-kpâ /a- |
| beißen | bite | *lúma |
| bellen | bark | *kpáéŋa |
| Berg | mountain | *-tǔ; *ku-boní /a- |
| großer Besen | big broom | *o-ʄeó /i- |
| kleiner Besen | small broom | *li-búbu /a- |
| Biene | bee | *o-ŋoá /ba- |
| binden | tie | *tsǐ; *bále |
| Blatt | leaf | *li-ʄáta /a- |
| Bogen | bow | *ku-taá /a- |
| Bohne | bean | *li-kabí /a- |
| Borstenratte | cane rat | *o-kpeá /ba- |
| brechen (ernten) | break (harvest) | *tsiu |
| Brennholz | firewood | *o-nyí /i- |
| Brust (-kasten) | chest | *-télú |
| weibliche Brust | female breast | *li-níé /a- |
| Büffel | buffalo | *o-kú /ba-; *ó-pila /bá- |
| denken | think | *bû |
| Ding | thing | *li-tsaá /a- |
| Ding (Last) | thing (load) | *li-tulá /a- |
| Dorn | thorn | *ki-wyúu /bi- |
| drei | three | *-itá |
| du | you | *awó |
| durchbohren | to pierce | *cóa; *túe |
| Ehefrau | wife | *o-ka° /ba- |
| Ehemann | husband | *o-tsaná /ba- |
| Ei | egg | *li-tselá /a-; *li-ʄúla /a- |
| eins | one | *-líne; *-ŋuî |
| Eisen | iron | *li-botsá /a- |
| Elefant | elephant | *o-túlá /ba-; *kú-núi /bá- |
| er | he | *yé; *ŋúo |
| Erde | earth | *ka-tsó /ku- |
| ernten (brechen) | harvest (break) | *tsiu |
| essen | eat | *lǐ; *ŋa |
| Faust | fist | *-kponí |
| Feder | feather | *-luá; *ti-tsané |
| fegen | sweep | *kpála |
| Feld | field | *ku-ya° /a- |
| Fell (Haut) | fur (skin) | *ku-kuén- /a- |
| Fetisch | fetish | *o-ʄío /ba-; *o-kpǎna /ba- |
| Fett (Öl) | fat (oil) | *-nómi; *m-búna |
| Feuer | fire | *o-tanú /i- |
| Fingernagel | fingernail | *ki-ʄiúna /bi- |
| Fisch | fish | *o-tsune /ba-; *li-kpa° /a- |
| Fischfalle | fish trap | *li-tû-bí /a- |
| Flachdach | flat roof | *li-cána /a- |
| Fleisch | meat | *ki-kâ; *ki-nâ /bi- |
| fliegen | fly | *pula°; *yi |
| Fluss | river | *ka-tû |
| fragen | ask | *bíé |
| Frau | woman | *o-tsía /ba- |
| Freund | friend | *o-kialo /ba- |
| frieren | freeze | *wyúa |
| Frucht (Samen) | fruit (seeds) | *li-bií /a- |
| führen (begleiten) | lead (accompany) | *kpalá |
| fünf | five | *-nónu; *-tónu |
| fürchten | to fear | *ti° |
| sich fürchten | be afraid | *yeka |
| Fuß (Bein) | foot (leg) | *ku-kpâ /a- |
| geben | give | *ta° (to°); *kúa |
| gehen | go | *kane |
| Geist | spirit | *-ŋóna |
| glatt sein | be smooth | *cola |
| Grab (Loch) | ditch (hole) | *li-ʄune /a- |
| graben | dig | *ku |
| Gras | grass | *ti-ʄá |
| Grenze | border | *ku-máné |
| groß sein | be great | *mua |
| Haar | hair | *ti-ya; *ti-ŋúné |
| Hacke | hoe | *li-ŋua /a- |
| hacken (schreiben) | to hack (write) | *ŋua-la |
| hacken | chop | *co° |
| Hälfte | half | *ku-cáe /a-; *-páne |
| Hals | neck | *ki-múé /bi- |
| Hals (Sprache) | neck (language) | *ki-lé |
| Hand (Arm) | hand (arm) | *ku-núe /a- |
| Hand | hand | *-ka° |
| Häuptling (Vater) | chief (father) | *o-ká /ba- |
| Haus | house | *-kuo; *ka-pá /ku-; *li-yó /a- |
| Haut (Fell) | skin (fur) | *ku-kuén- /a- |
| Heim (Heimat) | home (homeland) | *o-too /i- |
| Heimat (Heim) | home | *o-too /i- |
| Herz | heart | *o-tulu /i- |
| Heuschrecke | grasshopper | *-cáce |
| Hexe | witch | *o-tsolí /ba- |
| Himmel (oben) | heaven (above) | *ka-tó |
| Hirse | millet | *ka-kpána /bu- |
| (Brenn-) Holz | firewood | *ka-tánú-ne /bu- |
| Honig | honey | *-búla |
| Horn | horn | *li-céá /a-; *li-wyeló /a- |
| Huhn | chicken | *o-ʄulo /ba- |
| hören | hear | *nu° |
| Hund | dog | *o-kpéa /ba- |
| Hunger | hunger | *ku-kâna; *-kpam- |
| husten | to cough | *koali° |
| ich | I | *amú |
| in (Körper-Inneres) | in (inside of body) | *-miá |
| jagen | to hunt | *kpání |
| Jäger | hunter | *o-kpání /ba- |
| Jahr | year | *li-kúané /a- |
| Jams | yam | *ki-li /bi-; *ki-tsúí /bi- |
| kämpfen | fight | *kpâle |
| kauen | chew | *kualé |
| kaufen | buy | *ya |
| kaufen (verkaufen, tauschen) | buy (sell, exchange) | *pu; *tsila |
| kleines Kind (Säugling) | small child (infant) | *o-bí /ba- |
| klein | small | *-bí |
| Knochen | bone | *li-kúpá /a- |
| kochen | cook | *ŋua; *to |
| Kohle | coal | *li-kwáni /a- |
| kommen | come | *bá |
| Kopf | head | *li-lô /a-; *ka-cúi-ca /ku- |
| Körper-Inneres (in) | inside of body | *-miá |
| Kot | excrement | *m-bí |
| kratzen | scratch | *kwalí |
| kriechen | crawl | *ŋúala |
| Krokodil | crocodile | *o-laŋke /ba- |
| lachen | laugh | *múma |
| Last (Ding) | load (thing) | *li-tulá /a- |
| Leben | life | *ŋ-kpáné |
| Leber | liver | *li-kóna /a- |
| lecken | lick | *míni |
| links | left | *ka-bína |
| Loch (Grab) | hole (ditch) | *li-ʄune /a- |
| Löffel | spoon | *-kú |
| Luftraum (Welt) | airspace (world) | *ka-nyí |
| Magen (Bauch) | stomach (belly) | *ka-po° /ku- |
| Mann (Mensch) | man (human) | *o-táni /ba- |
| Markt | market | *ku-ya /a- |
| Maus | mouse | *o-kulí /ba-; *o-kpéʄo /ba- |
| Mensch (Mann) | man (male) | *o-táni /ba- |
| mit (und) | with (and) | *kúe; *móa |
| Mörser | mortar | *ku-wule /a- |
| müde sein | be tired | *pane |
| Mund | mouth | *ka-niána /ku-; *o- núí /i- |
| Mutter | mother | *o-ní /ba- |
| (meine) Mutter | (my) mother | *(m)ná |
| Nabel | navel | *li-kuá /a- |
| Nacht | night | *-cíne |
| nähen | sew | *kaá |
| Name | name | *li-nyína /a- |
| Nase | nose | *-ŋúya |
| nass | wet | *-ʄólu |
| nass sein | be wet | *yula |
| nehmen | take | *ka |
| nehmen (tragen) | take (carry) | *tuká |
| neu | new | *-ʄúa-ʄá |
| neu sein | be new | *ʄúa-li; *ŋue |
| oben (Himmel) | above (sky) | *ka-tó |
| öffnen | to open | *tana-lé |
| Ohr | ear | *ku-túe /a- |
| Okra | okra | *o-kpína /i-; *o-tsení /i- |
| Öl (Fett) | oil (fat) | *m-búna; *-nómi |
| Ölpalme | oil palm | *ku-báné /a-; *ku-li /a- |
| Ort (Platz) | place | *ka-kó |
| Palmwein | palm wine | *-pe°; *n-tâ |
| Palmzweig | palm branch | *o-kápe /i- |
| Pavian | baboon | *-wyúlú |
| Pfeffer | pepper | *o-kalé /i- |
| pfeifen | to whistle | *péŋu |
| pflanzen | to plant | *kpé |
| Pilz | mushroom | *ku-mée /a-; *kú-tsue /á- |
| Platz (Ort) | place) | *ka-kó |
| Pulver | powder | *ku-lu° |
| Rauch | smoke | *kú-nyóa |
| rechts | right | *ku-li-a-núe |
| reiben | rub | *tsóli |
| Reis (unzubereitet) | rice (not prepared) | *ka-móní |
| riechen | smell | *ŋuaná |
| Riesenschlange | python | *ku-laá /a- |
| Rücken | move | *ka-mâ /ku- |
| rufen | call | *kpalí |
| sagen (sprechen) | say (speak) | *láe |
| sagen | say | *ka° |
| Salz | salt | *m-bá |
| Samen (Frucht) | seeds (fruit) | *li-bií /a- |
| saugen | suck | *móámé |
| Säugling (kleines Kind) | infant (small child) | *o-bí /ba- |
| sechs | six | *-kúlá |
| sehen | see | *mo° |
| sein | his | *li |
| Seite | page | *o-páni /i- |
| sitzen | sit | *tiá |
| Sonne | sun | *ku-ʄilá |
| Speichel | saliva | *ti-tá |
| spielen | play | *wyúla |
| Spinne | spider | *ka-kwéla |
| Sprache (Hals) | language (neck) | *ki-lé |
| sprechen (sagen) | speak (say) | *láe |
| spucken | spit | *túʄa |
| Suppe | soup | *kú-tû |
| scharf | sharp | *-boé |
| Schatten | shadow | *kú-yúa |
| jmd. schicken | send someone | *kpe° |
| schießen | shoot | *taá |
| schlagen | beat | *bole; *ca; *lá |
| Schlange | snake | *ku-wóa /ba- |
| schlecht | bad | *-kpíla |
| schließen | to close | *kené; *tana |
| schmal | narrow | *-má |
| schmutzig sein | be dirty | *lula |
| schnarchen | to snore | *kpoale |
| schneiden | to cut | *kéla |
| schreiben (hacken) | write (hack) | *ŋua-la |
| schreien (von Tieren) | screaming (of animals) | *kwano° |
| Schwanz | tail | *o-kána /i-; *o-pǐ /i-; *o-tsé /i- |
| schwimmen | swim | *wulá |
| Stadt | city | *o-má /i- |
| stehen | stand | *táka; *yila |
| stehlen | steal | *yilu |
| Stein | stone | *li-talá /a- |
| sterben | die | *kúí |
| Stern | star | *li-ŋuola-bí /a- |
| Stirn | forehead | *ka-tú /ku- |
| Stößel | tappet | *o-wule-bí /i- |
| Stuhl | chair | *ka-bía /m-; *li-kpó /a- |
| stumm | mute | *-múmú |
| Tag | day | *li-wyî /a- |
| Tageslicht | daylight | *ka-li |
| tanzen | dance | *lea; *to°; *yo |
| tauschen (kaufen, verkaufen) | exchange (buy, sell) | *pu; *tsila |
| Teich | pond | *li-baté /a- |
| Termitenhügel | termite hill | *li-tú /a- |
| Tier | animal | *o-boké /ba-; *o-kǎ /ba- |
| Topf | pot | *li-búke /a-; *kí-tsi /bí- |
| töten | kill | *lue |
| tragen (nehmen) | bear (take) | *tuká |
| Tragkorb | pannier | *ku-péla /a- |
| Traum | dream | *ku-lelá /a- |
| trinken | drink | *nuia; *ŋua |
| trocken sein | be dry | *wúla; *kúwa |
| Trommel | drum | *li-bíne /a- |
| Tuch | cloth | *li-nyána /a-; *ka-putá |
| umhergehen | go around | *kiane |
| und (mit) | and (with) | *kúe; *móa |
| unten | below | *ka-tí |
| unten (Unterseite) | below (bottom) | *ka-la |
| Unterseite (unten) | bottom | *ka-la |
| Urin | urine | *-tsú |
| Vater | father | *-ta° |
| Vater (Häuptling) | father (chief) | *o-ká /ba- |
| verdorben sein | be spoiled | *bú |
| verdorren | wither | *yola |
| verkaufen (kaufen, tauschen) | sell (buy, exchange) | *pu; *tsila |
| vier | four | *-inâ |
| Vogel | bird | *o-pulá /ba- |
| voll sein (anschwellen) | be full (swell) | *yíu |
| voll werden | get full | *lení |
| wahr | true | *kpane° |
| warten | waiting | *yá |
| waschen | wash | *pole° |
| waschen (baden) | wash (bath) | *welú |
| Wasser | water | *n-tû |
| weben | weave | *lo |
| Weg | path | o-tsúle /i- |
| sich weigern | refuse | *tine |
| weinen | cry | *bíe |
| weiß | white | *-pú |
| Welt (Luftraum) | world (airspace) | *ka-nyí |
| wenn | if | *kí |
| wer? | who? | *-wáni |
| wir | we | *atú; *búle |
| wissen | knowledge | *nyí; *te |
| Wolke | cloud | *li-púle /a- |
| Wurzel | root | *o-lúi /i- |
| zählen | counting | *kála |
| Zahn | tooth | *li-nía /a-; *li-lúma /a- |
| zerbrechen | break | *búe |
| Zunge | tongue | *ki-níé-bí /bi- |
| zwei | two | *-níwa |
| Zweig (Ast) | branch | *o-lǎn- /i- |
References
[edit]- Heine, Bernd. 1968. Die Verbreitung und Gliedering der Togorestsprachen (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik vol. 1). Köln: Druckerei Wienand.