-as

See also: Appendix:Variations of "as"

Languages (21)

Albanian • Cornish • Esperanto • Finnish • French • Hungarian • Ido • Irish • Kwak'wala • Latin • Lithuanian • Middle English • Northern Sami • Old English • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Irish • Polish • Portuguese • Spanish • Swedish • Welsh

Page categories

Albanian

Etymology

Variant of -at, seen in toponyms such as Qesarat, Kastrat, Dukat, Progonat, Bushat.^[1] The [-t] and [-s] are both from similar Proto-Albanian *tāi and Proto-Albanian *tjā. An Illyrian derivation.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /as/

Suffix

-as m

used to form toponyms; -ian

Derived terms

References

^ Dhrimo, Ali. Për Shqipen dhe shqiptarët. 2008
^ Kulla, Ariola (2010), The Albanian Linguistic Journey from Ancient Illyricum to EU: Lexical Borrowings‎^[1], Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, page 21

Cornish

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Celtic *-os.

Pronunciation

(Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): /-as/

Suffix

-as m (plural -asow)

Forms masculine nouns denoting capacity; -ful
‎hanaf (“cup”) + ‎-as → ‎hanafas (“cupful”)

‎dorn (“fist, hand”) + ‎-as → ‎dornas (“fistful, handful”)
Forms masculine nouns denoting the result of an action
‎gwia (“to weave”) + ‎-as → ‎gwias (“web”)

‎boks (“box; blow”) + ‎-as → ‎boksas (“flurry of blows, fisticuffs”)

‎mynn- (“root of mynnes, to want”) + ‎-as → ‎mynnas (“wish, purpose, intent”)

Derived terms

Cornish terms suffixed with -as

References

2020, An Gerlyver Meur, ed. Dr Ken George (3rd edition, pp. 77, 99)

Esperanto

Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

The vowel of -as is likely cognate with the Latin present, as in amat (“s/he loves”), and the corresponding present infinitive amāre, permitting the natural (for a European) -ant ending. i could come from past tense in Latin ami, amisti.

Suffix

-as

ending of the present tense in verbs.

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-as, a variant of *-s (adjective-forming suffix), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-s.

Suffix

-as (front vowel harmony variant -äs, linguistic notation -As)

Forms some adjectives.
Forms some nouns.

Declension

Inflection of -as (Kotus type 41/vieras, no gradation)
nominative		-as	-aat
genitive		-aan	-aiden -aitten
partitive		-asta	-aita
illative		-aaseen	-aisiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-as	-aat
accusative	nom.	-as	-aat
accusative	gen.	-aan	-aat
genitive		-aan	-aiden -aitten -asten ^rare
partitive		-asta	-aita
inessive		-aassa	-aissa
elative		-aasta	-aista
illative		-aaseen	-aisiin -aihin ^rare
adessive		-aalla	-ailla
ablative		-aalta	-ailta
allative		-aalle	-aille
essive		-aana	-aina
translative		-aaksi	-aiksi
abessive		-aatta	-aitta
instructive		—	-ain
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -as (Kotus type 41/vieras, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-aani	-aani
accusative	nom.	-aani	-aani
accusative	gen.	-aani	-aani
genitive		-aani	-aideni -aitteni -asteni ^rare
partitive		-astani	-aitani
inessive		-aassani	-aissani
elative		-aastani	-aistani
illative		-aaseeni	-aisiini -aihini ^rare
adessive		-aallani	-aillani
ablative		-aaltani	-ailtani
allative		-aalleni	-ailleni
essive		-aanani	-ainani
translative		-aakseni	-aikseni
abessive		-aattani	-aittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-aineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-aasi	-aasi
accusative	nom.	-aasi	-aasi
accusative	gen.	-aasi	-aasi
genitive		-aasi	-aidesi -aittesi -astesi ^rare
partitive		-astasi	-aitasi
inessive		-aassasi	-aissasi
elative		-aastasi	-aistasi
illative		-aaseesi	-aisiisi -aihisi ^rare
adessive		-aallasi	-aillasi
ablative		-aaltasi	-ailtasi
allative		-aallesi	-aillesi
essive		-aanasi	-ainasi
translative		-aaksesi	-aiksesi
abessive		-aattasi	-aittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ainesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-aamme	-aamme
accusative	nom.	-aamme	-aamme
accusative	gen.	-aamme	-aamme
genitive		-aamme	-aidemme -aittemme -astemme ^rare
partitive		-astamme	-aitamme
inessive		-aassamme	-aissamme
elative		-aastamme	-aistamme
illative		-aaseemme	-aisiimme -aihimme ^rare
adessive		-aallamme	-aillamme
ablative		-aaltamme	-ailtamme
allative		-aallemme	-aillemme
essive		-aanamme	-ainamme
translative		-aaksemme	-aiksemme
abessive		-aattamme	-aittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ainemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-aanne	-aanne
accusative	nom.	-aanne	-aanne
accusative	gen.	-aanne	-aanne
genitive		-aanne	-aidenne -aittenne -astenne ^rare
partitive		-astanne	-aitanne
inessive		-aassanne	-aissanne
elative		-aastanne	-aistanne
illative		-aaseenne	-aisiinne -aihinne ^rare
adessive		-aallanne	-aillanne
ablative		-aaltanne	-ailtanne
allative		-aallenne	-aillenne
essive		-aananne	-ainanne
translative		-aaksenne	-aiksenne
abessive		-aattanne	-aittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-ainenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-aansa	-aansa
accusative	nom.	-aansa	-aansa
accusative	gen.	-aansa	-aansa
genitive		-aansa	-aidensa -aittensa -astensa ^rare
partitive		-astaan -astansa	-aitaan -aitansa
inessive		-aassaan -aassansa	-aissaan -aissansa
elative		-aastaan -aastansa	-aistaan -aistansa
illative		-aaseensa	-aisiinsa -aihinsa ^rare
adessive		-aallaan -aallansa	-aillaan -aillansa
ablative		-aaltaan -aaltansa	-ailtaan -ailtansa
allative		-aalleen -aallensa	-ailleen -aillensa
essive		-aanaan -aanansa	-ainaan -ainansa
translative		-aakseen -aaksensa	-aikseen -aiksensa
abessive		-aattaan -aattansa	-aittaan -aittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-aineen -ainensa

Note that gradation may apply.

Derived terms

Anagrams

sa

French

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/ ~ /ɑ/
Hyphenation: -as

Suffix

-as

second-person singular past historic of -er

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɒʃ]
Rhymes: -ɒʃ

Suffix

-as

(adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative.
‎haj (“hair”) + ‎-as → ‎hajas (“covered with hair”)
(noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun.
‎fazék (“pot”) + ‎-as → ‎fazekas (“potter”)
(number-forming suffix) Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
‎három (“three”) + ‎-as → ‎hármas (“the digit or figure 3”)

Usage notes

(all senses) Variants:
-s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

-os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Derived terms

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto -as, Latin -ās, French -es, Spanish -as.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /as/

Suffix

-as

desinence of the present tense in verbs

Irish

Alternative forms

-eas (after palatal consonants)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /əsˠ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish -as, from Proto-Celtic *-assus, from Proto-Indo-European *-ad-tus.

Suffix

-as m

Nominal suffix, used to form abstract ideas or nouns
Synonym: -achas

Declension

Declension of -as (first declension)

bare forms
	singular	plural
nominative	-as	-ais
vocative	a -ais	a -asa
genitive	-ais	-as
dative	-as	-ais

forms with the definite article
	singular	plural
nominative	an -as	na -ais
genitive	an -ais	na -as
dative	leis an -as don -as	leis na -ais

Derived terms

Irish terms suffixed with -as

Etymology 2

Suffix

-as

Relative ending of first conjugation verbs in the present tense
Synthetic first person singular ending of first conjugation verbs in the past tense

Kwak'wala

Suffix

-as

Suffix used with verbs for a place of.

Derived terms

Category Kwak'wala terms suffixed with -as not found

References=

Franz Boas, Helene Boas Yampolsky & Zellig S. Harris (1947), “Kwakiutl Grammar with a Glossary of the Suffixes”, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society‎^[3], volume 37, number 3, page 318

Latin

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈaːs]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈas]

Etymology 1

By syncope, from the earlier form -ātis. If Oscan 𐌋𐌞𐌅𐌊𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (lúvkanateís, “Lucanian”, gen. sg.) has a cognate suffix -𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (-ateís), one can reconstruct Proto-Italic *-ātis.

Suffix

-ās

Used to form gentilic adjectives with the meaning "of/from" a country or place.

Usage notes

In an exception to the usual Latin stress rule, Latin words ending in this suffix were generally stressed on the final syllable of their nominative singular forms in -ās because of the aforementioned syncope.

Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective.

	masc./fem.	neuter	masc./fem.	neuter
	singular		plural
nominative	-ās		-ātēs	-ātia
genitive	-ātis		-ātium -ātum
dative	-ātī		-ātibus
accusative	-ātem	-ās	-ātīs -ātēs	-ātia
ablative	-āte -ātī		-ātibus
vocative	-ās		-ātēs	-ātia

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -as

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-ans, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ns, the accusative plural of *-éh₂.

Suffix

-ās

accusative plural of -a f (ending of feminine nouns)
accusative feminine plural of -us (suffix forming first/second declension adjectives)

Descendants

Catalan: -es
French: -es
Italian: -e
Old Galician-Portuguese: -as
- Galician: -as
- Portuguese: -as
Spanish: -as

Suffix

-ās

accusative plural of -a m (suffix forming masculine agent nouns)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Italic *-ās, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.

Suffix

-ās

second-person singular present active indicative of -ō (first conjugation)

Descendants

Catalan: -es
French: -es
Old Galician-Portuguese: -as
- Galician: -as
- Portuguese: -as
Spanish: -as

Etymology 4

From Proto-Italic *-ās, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂(e/o)s, the genitive singular of *-éh₂. Despite the existence of a few relic survivals in fixed expressions, this ending was largely displaced already in Old Latin by -āī (formed by analogy to the second-declension genitive singular ending -ī), which evolved to the Classical Latin genitive singular ending -ae.

Suffix

-ās

(archaic) genitive singular of -a
pater familiās ― master (lit. father) of the household

Titā Vendiās ― of Tita Vendia

Etymology 5

Unclear. Possibly derived from Proto-Italic *-ās, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂es, the nominative/vocative plural of *-éh₂. Rather than being inherited, it has been speculated that this ending was borrowed from Oscan (another Italic language). Alternatively, possibly taken from the accusative ending.^[1]

Suffix

-ās

(nonstandard) nominative/vocative plural of -a

References

^ Galdi, Giovanbattista (2012), “Again on as-nominatives: a new approach to the problem”, in Variation and Change in Greek and Latin‎^[2]

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-os

Suffix

-as m

nominal suffix (ending) of the first declension of the nouns.
nominal suffix (ending) which indicates a demonym.
‎Rusija (“Russia”) + ‎-as → ‎rusas (“Russian (person)”)

Derived terms

Lithuanian terms suffixed with -as

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-as

alternative form of -yssh

References

“-ish, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 16 June 2018.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-as

alternative form of -esse

References

“-esse, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 June 2018.

Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *-ës. Cognate of Finnish -e, Estonian -e.

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈ-as/

Suffix

-as

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something used for performing the verb.
‎vuoidat (“to smear”) + ‎-as → ‎vuoiddas (“ointment”)

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

Inflection

Odd, no gradation

Nominative

-as

Genitive

-asa

Singular

Plural

Nominative

-as

Accusative

Genitive

Illative

Locative

Comitative

Essive

Possessive forms
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	-asan	-aseamẹ	-aseamẹt
2nd person	-asat	-aseattẹ	-aseattẹt
3rd person	-asis	-aseaskkạ	-aseasẹt

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -as

adjágas

fiskadas

Old English

Etymology 1

Perhaps from the Proto-Germanic accusative plural ending *-anz, with regularly lost -n- before a fricative, or perhaps from the nominative plural *-ōs, a voiceless variety of the regular ending *-ōz, or a merger of both. Akin to Saterland Frisian -s, West Frisian -s, Old Saxon -os (Low German -s), Dutch -s, Swedish -ar.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑs/

Suffix

-as

Plural ending of nominative and accusative cases, originally of a-stem masculine nouns, later extended to other nouns.
‎hund (“dog”) + ‎-as → ‎hundas (“dogs”)

‎wulf (“wolf”) + ‎-as → ‎wulfas (“wolves”)

Descendants

Middle English: -es, -as, -æs (Early Middle English), -s (especially Late Middle English), -is, -ys (Northern, Early Scots), -us (West Midland)
- English: -s, -es (see there for further descendants)
- Middle Scots: -is, -s
  - Scots: -s, -es

Etymology 2

Suffix

-as (Anglian)

alternative form of -ast; marks the second person singular present indicative of class II weak verbs

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ās.

Suffix

-as

a suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of a verb in -ar
‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-as → ‎amas (“[you] love”)

‎cantar (“to sing”) + ‎-as → ‎cantas (“[you] sing”)

Descendants

Galician: -as
Portuguese: -as

Old Irish

Alternative forms

-es (after palatal consonants)
-us

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-assus, from Proto-Indo-European *-ad-tus.

Suffix

-as m

Nominal suffix, used to form abstract ideas or nouns
‎óclach (“young man”) + ‎-as → ‎óclachas (“youth”)

‎muinter (“family”) + ‎-as → ‎muinteras (“familiarity”)

Derived terms

Descendants

Irish: -as
Manx: -ys
Scottish Gaelic: -as

References

Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German), →ISBN, § 261; reprinted 2017

Polish

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /as/
Rhymes: -as
Syllabification: -as
Homophone: as

Suffix

-as m pers

masculine noun suffix

Declension

Declension of -as

	singular	plural
nominative	-as	-asy / -asowie
genitive	-asa	-asów
dative	-asowi	-asom
accusative	-asa	-asów
instrumental	-asem	-asami
locative	-asie	-asach
vocative	-asie	-asy / -asowie

Derived terms

Portuguese

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -as, from Latin -ās. Compare Galician and Spanish -as.

Suffix

-as (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

a suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -ar
‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-as → ‎amas (“[you] love”)

‎cantar (“to sing”) + ‎-as → ‎cantas (“[you] sing”)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -as, a merger of Latin -ās (used with residual third conjugation non-i-stem verbs) with Latin -eās (used with Proto-Romance verbs in -ēre, which merged Latin second and third conjugation verbs) and Latin -iās (used with Proto-Romance verbs in -īre). The e/i in hiatus would have disappeared after palatalizing the previous consonant, which survives in some irregular verbs but has largely been analogically eliminated. Compare Galician and Spanish -as.

Suffix

-as (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

a suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -er
‎correr (“to run”) + ‎-as → ‎corras (“that you run”)
a suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -ir
‎pedir (“to ask for”) + ‎-as → ‎peças (“that you ask for”)

Spanish

Etymology 1

From Latin -ās, the second-person singular present active indicative ending of first conjugation verbs.

Suffix

-as

suffix indicating the second-person singular present indicative of -ar.

Etymology 2

From Latin -eās, Latin -ās, and Latin -iās, the second-person singular present active subjunctive endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Suffix

-as

suffix indicating the second-person singular present subjunctive of -er verbs and -ir verbs

Swedish

Suffix

-as

alternative form of -s (“adverbial suffix”)

Derived terms

References

påsk in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Anagrams

sa

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /as/

Etymology 1

Suffix

-as f

Forms abstract nouns.
‎teyrn (“monarch, king”) + ‎-as → ‎teyrnas (“kingdom”)

‎bardd (“poet”) + ‎-as → ‎barddas (“poetry”)

‎urdd (“order, guild”) + ‎-as → ‎urddas (“honour, dignity”)

Etymology 2

Cognate with Cornish -as.

Suffix

-as

(South Wales) (colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person singular preterite
Synonyms: -odd, -ws

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -as

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-as”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[1] Dhrimo, Ali. Për Shqipen dhe shqiptarët. 2008

[2] Kulla, Ariola (2010), The Albanian Linguistic Journey from Ancient Illyricum to EU: Lexical Borrowings‎^[1], Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, page 21

[3] Galdi, Giovanbattista (2012), “Again on as-nominatives: a new approach to the problem”, in Variation and Change in Greek and Latin‎^[2]

[1]

[2]

[1]