Yin Chung-jung
 | This article has been translated from the article 尹仲容 in the Chinese Wikipedia, and requires proofreading. (August 2022) |
Yin Chung-jung | |
|---|---|
尹仲容 | |
 Yin Chung-jung’s tomb in Taipei | |
| Minister of Economic Affairs | |
| In office 1 June 1954 – 1 December 1955 | |
| Appointed by | Vice President Chen Cheng |
| President | Chiang Kai-shek |
| Vice President | Chen Cheng |
| Preceded by | T. K. Chang |
| Succeeded by | Kiang Piao |
| Secretary-General of the Economic Security Council | |
| In office 1957–1960 | |
| President | Chiang Kai-shek |
| Vice President | Chen Cheng |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 16 April 1903 |
| Died | 24 January 1963 (aged 59) |
| Citizenship | Republic of China |
| Yin Chung-jung | |||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 尹仲容 | ||||||||||||
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Yin Chung-jung (Chinese: 尹仲容; pinyin: Yǐn Zhòngróng; Wade–Giles: Yin3 Ch‘ung4-jung2; 16 April 1903-24 January 1963), legal name Yin Guoyong, also known in the West as K. Y. Yin, was a senior government official of the Republic of China who is widely viewed as the main architect of Taiwan's economic policy in the 1950s.[1][2]: 32 He played an instrumental role in Taiwan's economic stabilization in the 1950s and was one of few Taiwanese officials in that period who consistently promoted free trade.
Background and early career
[edit]Yin's ancestral home was in Taiyi Township (Tuanshan Town, Shaodong County-level city), Shaoyang Prefecture, Hunan. His grandfather Yin Xilun (Chinese: 尹錫綸) was a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. Yin graduated in 1925 from the Electrical Machinery Department of Nanyang University (predecessor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University). Because of his excellent grades, he was recommended to work in the Ministry of Transport after graduation. Later, because of his friendship with T. V. Soong, he was transferred to a private company funded by the Soong family. When T. V. Soong served in the cabinet and served as the chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Government, Yin Zhongrong was also responsible for power generation, coal mines and other matters under him.
In 1949, after the Second World War, Yin was invited by the government of the Republic of China to join the cabinet. In addition to being in charge of the Central Trust of China (中央信託局), he also served as the vice chairman of the Taiwan District Production Management Committee (臺灣區生產事業管理委員會), responsible for industrial regeneration and external procurement. He also participated in the plan to transfer funds from Shanghai to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War, and was responsible for liaison tasks between Shanghai and Taiwan.
In 1950, following the relocation of the Government of the Republic of China to Taiwan, Yin assumed a leading role in overseeing finance and foreign trade alongside other key economic officials, including Yen Chia-kan, Yang Chi-tseng, Li Kwoh-ting, and Sun Yun-suan. In 1951, when the United States began providing the Republic of China with an annual financial aid package of US$100 million, Yin participated in the comprehensive planning and allocation of these funds.
Under the premiership of Chen Cheng, Yin, together with Yen Chia-kan and Yang Chi-tseng, was jointly responsible for Taiwan’s fiscal and economic affairs. The trio became widely known as the “Yin–Yen–Yang iron triangle” of finance and economics.[3] [4] Chen is reported to have remarked to them: “I am a soldier by training and have had no prior experience in economics. Even after serving over four years as Premier, the rapid changes in the economy are beyond my grasp. From now on, any proposals and recommendations jointly put forward by the three of you will receive my full support.”[5]In this capacity, Yin, together with Chen Cheng and Yen Chia-kan, promoted Li Kwoh-ting.[6] [7]
During the 1950s, the Republic of China government maintained a strong emphasis on state-led industrial planning and socialist-oriented economic policies. According to Wang Zhaoming's memoir, a prominent technocrat and protégé of Yin who later served as Secretary-General of the Executive Yuan, Yin and a group of like-minded technocrats advocated for the development of the private sector, contributing to a gradual moderation of strictly state-centered planning.[8]
Wang further recalled that during policy meetings, Yin often spoke forcefully, frequently using English technical terms and critiquing other officials. Between Yin's remarks and Premier Chen Cheng's final decisions, Yen Chia-kan would usually clarify Yin's positions in a more accessible and practical manner for the other officials, with Chen approving Yan's explanations.[9]
Minister of Economic Affairs
[edit]Yin Chung-jung, who was not a member of the Kuomintang,[2]: 22 was nevertheless greatly appreciated by Vice President Chen Cheng for his abilities. Before Chen stepped down as Premier in June 1954, Yin was appointed Minister of Economic Affairs and Director of the Central Trust.
As Yin had worked in private companies in Shanghai and had in-depth experience of markets, he actively promoted the idea of a "planned market economy"[10] after taking office as Minister of Economy, planning and implementing import substitution and export-oriented policies, and reforming foreign exchange trade measures. Yin's reform of foreign exchange has been later known as Taiwan's "first round of economic liberalization".[11]
Under the belief in import substitution, he controlled the import of Japanese fabrics, and shifted to importing cotton as a substitute, which fostered the development of the domestic textile industry and enabled many well-known Taiwanese enterprises to gain a steady foothold from then on. In addition, under his authority over foreign exchange measures, he was the first government official to relax foreign exchange controls and encourage exports. This policy quickly promoted the growth of Taiwan's plastics and glass industries. He also asked private companies such as Taiwan Cement and Taiwan Pulp & Paper to run previously state-owned businesses in cement, paper, agriculture, forestry and mining industries in order to promote the market economy.
Yangtse Timber incident
[edit]In 1955, the Yangtse Timber Company closed down due to poor management. In March, legislator Guo Zijun (郭紫峻) pointed out that after the bankruptcy, the Central Trust had lent the company a large amount of money and claimed compensation. Since Yin was both the Minister of Economic Affairs and the director of the Central Trust, he was prosecuted in July of the same year. On 30 October 1955, a Taiwanese court acquitted Yin, but he took political responsibility and announced his resignation from both positions.
Yin Chung-jung was the first cabinet member of the Republic of China to be prosecuted and the first to resign from his executive duties.
Economic Security Council and Bank of Taiwan
[edit]In 1957, the Taiwan Production Committee that was still chaired by Yin was reorganized into the Economic Stability Committee, with Yin as its secretary-general. In 1958, Yin also served as the vice chairman of the American Aid Association. During the period, Yin assisted private enterprises with official policies such as tariff protection and restrictions on the establishment of factories, applied for US aid on their behalf, and then tracked and evaluated them afterwards to avoid failure.
In 1960, Yin Chung-jung became chairman of the Bank of Taiwan. During his tenure as chairman, he encouraged savings, stabilized prices, and promoted active lending to domestic small and medium-sized enterprises. During his tenure, he led the bank's low interest rate policy, so that market funds were transferred from savings banks to the capital market.
In early 1961, in order to facilitate market circulation, the Bank of Taiwan prepared to issue straight hundred-NTD bills. Because of the warning of inflation caused by the large-denomination gold-dollar bills and the Old Taiwan dollar in 1947, the plan to issue large bills caused anxiety among the Taiwanese public. In the face of the announcement of the suspension of the issuance of hundred-dollar bills, Yin stood alone and insisted on implementing the plan as scheduled. Soon, the straight hundred-dollar bills were scheduled to be issued on 19 June 1961, and under the supervision of the Bank of Taiwan and other institutions, the feared episode of inflation did not occur.
Yin Chung-jung died of liver cancer in Taipei on 24 January 1963, at the age of 59. Many observers thought the illness was related to overworking.[12]: 14
Assessment
[edit]Because he served in the Shanghai consortium in his early years, Yin Chung-jung strongly believed in the importance of the market economy. Under this concept, in addition to strengthening private competitiveness and import substitution, he has always advocated that planned free trade can promote economic growth. This policy, which was supported by academic scholars, ceased to be the mainstream of Taiwan's economic policy after he resigned as Minister in 1955. It is generally believed that the suspension of Yin's free trade policy also indirectly caused the appearance of a bubble economy caused by Taiwan's excessively high foreign exchange deposits in the late 1980s.
In addition, although some people think that his practice of coaching private enterprises is suspected of supporting consortia, in general, his market economy and the development of local enterprises were quite successful in the context of Taiwan and its largely trade-oriented economy.
Yin was considered extremely honest, living a thrifty life. He once received more than 400,000 US dollars in commissions for negotiating trade affairs with Japan, all of which he donated for public use. There were rumors that his family needed to rely on other people's support for their livelihood. After Yin died, he did not even have funeral expenses. This generated a national uproar after the matter became public. Yin's deeds were included in "The Biography of Famous People in the Republic of China".
Despite his background in science and engineering, Yin also has a solid knowledge of Chinese literature and culture. During his tenure at the Transport Ministry, he began to compile the chronicle of Guo Songtao, one of China's first diplomatic envoys to foreign countries, and also helped write annotations to the Lüshi Chunqiu.
According to Hoover Institution scholar Ramon H. Myers, Yin "was probably the most brilliant technocrat-official of the 1950s. He was largely responsible for persuading key government officials to reform the foreign exchange system in order to orientate Taiwan's economy to the world market."[13]
Yin is considered the mentor of Li Kwoh-ting (K. T. Li), another key protagonist of the Taiwan Miracle.[12]: 18 [13] Scholar Ezra Vogel has called Yin and Li the "two great leaders of economic modernization" in Taiwan.[10]
Family
[edit]Yin served his mother Shih Shou-chen with filial piety. He celebrated his mother's 90th birthday at the Grand Hotel in 1962. She died on 18 October 1963 at the age of 91. He had a younger brother, Yin Shuming. His wife, Cheng Chan-ying, worked in the Linda Garden, a flower shop on Nanjing East Road, around 1965. The main reason for her flower shop was to earn income and invest in relief of outstanding middle school students.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Pan-Long Tsai (1999), "Explaining Taiwan's Economic Miracle: Are the Revisionists Right?", Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, 6 (1), Canberra: ANU Press: 75, JSTOR 43199017
- ^ a b Tak-Wing Ngo; Yi-Chi Chen (Fall 2008), "The Genesis of Responsible Government under Authoritarian Conditions: Taiwan during Martial Law", China Review, 8 (2), The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 15–48, JSTOR 23462736
- ^ 成長的痛苦 （第 1 卷） (in Chinese). 經濟與生活出版事業股份有限公司. 1983. p. 16.
- ^ Kuo, Tai-Chün (2015). 台灣經濟轉型的故事：從計劃經濟到市場經濟 (in Chinese). 聯經出版事業股份有限公司. p. 168. ISBN 9789570845655.
- ^ 葉, 萬安 (2023-12-20). 台灣經濟奇蹟的奠基者：尹仲容 (in Chinese). 遠見天下文化出版股份有限公司. ISBN 9786263555402.
- ^ 李, 國鼎; 劉, 素芬 (2005). 我的臺灣經驗：李國鼎談臺灣財經決策的制定與思考 (in Chinese). 遠流出版事業股份有限公司. pp. 99, 510. ISBN 9789573256038.
- ^ 王, 百祿 (2022-12-02). 學李國鼎做事：推動台灣工業發展的關鍵人與重要事 (in Chinese). 時報文化出版. pp. 303–305. ISBN 9786263530898.
- ^ 王昭明 (1995). 王昭明回憶錄 (in Traditional Chinese). 時報文化. p. 57. ISBN 957-13-1725-X.
- ^ 王昭明 (1995). 王昭明回憶錄 (in Traditional Chinese). 時報文化. pp. 58–59. ISBN 957-13-1725-X.
- ^ a b Ezra Vogel (2006), Foreword to "K. T. Li And The Taiwan Experience" by Lutao Sophia Kang Wang, National Tsing Hua University Press
- ^ Wu Hui-lin 吳惠林 (1 September 2003). "Taiwan miracle behind today's woes". Taipei Times.
- ^ a b Murray Rubinstein (2013). "The Evolution of Taiwan's Economic Miracle 1945-2000: Personal Accounts and Political Narratives" (PDF). In Douglas B. Fuller; Murray A. Rubinstein (eds.). Technology Transfer Between the US, China and Taiwan. Routledge.
- ^ a b Ramon H. Myers (September 1984), "The Economic Transformation of the Republic of China on Taiwan", China Quarterly, 99, Cambridge University Press: 500–528, doi:10.1017/S030574100001715X, S2CID 154788738