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Sagly-Bazhy culture

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Coordinates: 52°04′18″N 93°37′55″E / 52.071606°N 93.631836°E / 52.071606; 93.631836
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52°04′18″N 93°37′55″E / 52.071606°N 93.631836°E / 52.071606; 93.631836

Sagly-Bazhy culture
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Sagly-Bazy culture within the Saka realm ( ), and contemporary cultures and polities circa 325 BCE
Geographical rangeSouth Siberia
Dates500 to 200 BCE.[1]
Preceded byArzhan culture, Aldy-Bel culture
Followed byXiongnu Empire, Kokel Culture
Early Iron Age Southern Siberian genetic ancestries. The Slab-grave people are uniformly of Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA,  ) origin, while Saka populations to the west combined Sintashta, BMAC and Baikal_EBA ancestry (itself largely derived from Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA, ~80%), with a small admixture of Ancient North Eurasian (ANE, ~20%)).

The Sagly-Bazhy culture or Sagly/Uyuk culture, also known as Chandman culture in Mongolia (Ulaangom cemetery), refers to the Saka culture of the Sayan Mountains, in modern-day Tuva Republic.[1][2] It is the last stage of the Uyuk culture.

This period of Scythian culture covers a period from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century BCE,[2] and follows the Arzhan culture (8th century BCE), and the Aldy-Bel culture (7th-6th century BCE) in the same location.[2] These Scythian cultures would ultimately be replaced by the Xiongnu Empire and the Kokel Culture.[2]

Nearby Saka cultures were the Tagar Culture of the Minusinsk Basin, as well as the Pazyryk Culture (ca. 500–200 BCE) in the Altai Mountains and the Saka culture (ca. 900–200 BCE), to which the Sagly-Bazy culture was strongly related.[3][2][4] To the east was the Slab-grave culture.

The Sagly-Bazhy culture stopped to exist in the 2nd century BCE as a result of Xiongnu invasions.[5]

Genetics

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In 2019, a genetic study of remains from the Sagly-Bazhy culture was published in Human Genetics. The 5 male samples were found to be carriers of the East Eurasian haplogroups Q-L54.[6]

Significant genetic differences were found between the Eastern Scythians and the Western Scythians of the Pontic steppe. The two groups appear to have been of completely different paternal origins, with almost no paternal gene flow between them.[7][8] On the other hand, there is strong evidence of shared maternal DNA between Scythian cultures, indicating maternal geneflow from East Eurasia to West Eurasia.[9][10]

  • Animal style artifact Sagly-Bazhi II (Tuva).[11]
    Animal style artifact Sagly-Bazhi II (Tuva).[11]
  • Bone arrowheads of the Chandmani culture, Western Mongolia
    Bone arrowheads of the Chandmani culture, Western Mongolia
  • Bronze daggers of the Chandmani culture, Western Mongolia.[12]
    Bronze daggers of the Chandmani culture, Western Mongolia.[12]
  • Bronze mirrors, Chandmani culture, Western Mongolia
    Bronze mirrors, Chandmani culture, Western Mongolia

References

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  1. ^ a b Jeong et al. 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Glebova, A. B.; Chistyakov, K. V. (1 July 2016). "Landscape regularities of human colonization of the Tuva territory in the Scythian time (8th–3rd centuries B. C.)". Geography and Natural Resources. 37 (3): 239. doi:10.1134/S1875372816030070. ISSN 1875-371X. Uyuk culture [9, 12]. It derives its name from the Uyuk river, the valley of which, primarily within the Turan-Uyuk depression, is home to gigantic stone and earth kurgans with graves of tribal chiefs.
  3. ^ Jeong et al. 2020, "the Sagly/Uyuk culture (ca. 500–200 BCE) of the Sayan mountains to the northwest (also known as the Sagly-Bazhy culture, or Chandman culture in Mongolia), who had strong cultural ties to the Pazyryk (ca. 500–200 BCE) and Saka (ca. 900–200 BCE) cultures of the Altai and eastern Kazakhstan".
  4. ^ Murphy, Eileen M. (2013). "Iron Age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian steppe: Implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (5): 2547. Bibcode:2013JArSc..40.2547M. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.038.
  5. ^ "The Culture of Tuva in the Scythian Era (Hall 30)". State Hermitage Museum.
  6. ^ Mary 2019, p. 10/13.
  7. ^ Mary, Laura (March 28, 2019). "Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians". Human Genetics. 138 (4): 411–423. doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y. PMID 30923892. S2CID 85542410.
  8. ^ Mary 2019:"The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene flow from male carriers between them"
  9. ^ Juras, Anna; Krzewińska, Maja; Nikitin, Alexey G.; Ehler, Edvard (7 March 2017). "Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians". Scientific Reports. 7 (1) 43950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743950J. doi:10.1038/srep43950. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5339713. PMID 28266657. "Mitochondrial haplogroup analyses of the NPR Scythians from this study and those from Rostov-on-Don and Pazyryks from Altai and Inner Mongolia, reveal that, for the most part, the same lineages are found in all three groups and are often singularly represented in each group...Otherwise, mt lineage composition is comparable in all three groups of the Scythian horizon which supports their shared maternal genetic roots founded on the common east and west Eurasian substrate with an input from neighboring populations. The genetic influx of East Eurasian haplotypes might be the result of establishing relationships between migrants with European ancestry and women of east Eurasian origin as was previously proposed by66 in case of Iron Age south Siberian populations."
  10. ^ Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr (3 March 2017). "Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 14615. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814615U. doi:10.1038/ncomms14615. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5337992. PMID 28256537. "These findings are consistent with the appearance of east Eurasian mitochondrial lineages in the western Scythians during the Iron Age, and imply gene-flow or migration over the Eurasian Steppe belt carrying East Asian/North Siberian ancestry from the East to the West as far as the Don-Volga region in southern Russia."
  11. ^ Zhogova, Nina A.; Oleszczak, Łukasz; Michalczewski, Krzysztof; Pieńkos, Igor; Caspari, Gino (September 2023). "Identifying seasonal settlement sites and land use continuity in the prehistoric southern Siberian steppe – Zhelvak 5 (Tuva)". Archaeological Research in Asia. 35 100467. doi:10.1016/j.ara.2023.100467.
  12. ^ Matsumoto, Keita (1 January 2021). "A SURVEY OF BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGE TOOLS AND WEAPONS FROM NORTHERN MONGOLIA". Ancient Cultures of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China: 332.

Sources

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  • Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold; Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (12 November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe". Cell. 183 (4): 890–904. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 7664836. PMID 33157037.
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