Prozostrodontia

Prozostrodonts; Temporal range: Late Triassic (Carnian), - Present ; 233.23–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Skull of Kayentatherium wellesi
	Gaur
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Clade:	Cynodontia
Clade:	Probainognathia
Clade:	Prozostrodontia; Liu and Olsen, 2010
Subgroups
	†Agudotherium?; †Alemoatherium; †Santacruzgnathus; †Therioherpeton; †Dromatheriidae; †Prozostrodontidae †Prozostrodon; †Pseudotherium; ; †Tritheledontidae; Mammaliamorpha;

Prozostrodontia is a clade of cynodonts including mammaliaforms and their closest relatives such as Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae. It was erected as a node-based taxon by Liu and Olsen (2010) and defined as the least inclusive clade containing Prozostrodon brasiliensis, Tritylodon langaevus, Pachygenelus monus, and Mus musculus (the house mouse). Prozostrodontia is diagnosed by several characters, including:

Reduced prefrontal and postorbital bones, with the disappearance of a strut of bone called the postorbital bar separating the eye socket from the temporal region
Unfused symphysis between the dentary bones in the lower jaw
The presence of a small hole within the eye socket called the sphenopalatine foramen
A long sagittal crest extending to the rearmost part of the lambdoidal crest at the back of the skull
Neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae angled backward
A convex-shaped iliac crest and a reduced posterior iliac spine on the hip
An acetabular notch on the ischium (a groove in the hip socket)
The position of a small projection called the lesser trochanter close to the head of the femur^[3]

It has been suggested that prozostrodontians ancestrally possessed whiskers like those found in most modern mammals, based on the presence of an infraorbital canal similar in morphology to those of modern mammals.^[4]

Prozostrodontia includes tritylodontids, which have traditionally been placed within the more primitive cynodont group Cynognathia as distant mammal relatives. It also includes Tritheledontidae, which has long been placed close to mammals. Most previous studies considered Tritheledontidae a valid monophyletic grouping, meaning it was a true clade including all the descendants of a single common ancestor, but Liu and Olsen (2010) found Tritheledontidae to be a paraphyletic series of basal prozostrodontians. Below is a cladogram from Liu and Olsen (2010) showing the phylogenetic position of Prozostrodontia:^[3]

Luangwa

Scalenodon angustifrons

Scalenodon hirschoni

	Massetognathus

	Exaeretodon

Prozostrodontia

	Tritylodon

	Bienotherium

Brasilodon

Mammalia

Adelobasileus

	Sinoconodon

	Morganucodon

References

^ Martinelli, A. G.; Eltink, E.; Da-Rosa, Á. A. S.; Langer, M. C. (2017). "A new cynodont from the Santa Maria formation, south Brazil, improves Late Triassic probainognathian diversity". Papers in Palaeontology. 3 (3): 401–423. Bibcode:2017PPal....3..401M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1081.
^ Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y.
^ ^a ^b Liu, J.; Olsen, P. (2010). "The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (3): 151–176. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8.
^ Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (2016-05-09). "Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits". Scientific Reports. 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep25604. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4860582. PMID 27157809.

[Martinelli2017-1] Martinelli, A. G.; Eltink, E.; Da-Rosa, Á. A. S.; Langer, M. C. (2017). "A new cynodont from the Santa Maria formation, south Brazil, improves Late Triassic probainognathian diversity". Papers in Palaeontology. 3 (3): 401–423. Bibcode:2017PPal....3..401M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1081.

[Stefanello2023-2] Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (2): 299–317. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y.

[LO10-3] Liu, J.; Olsen, P. (2010). "The Phylogenetic Relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (3): 151–176. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9136-8.

[4] Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (2016-05-09). "Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits". Scientific Reports. 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep25604. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4860582. PMID 27157809.

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