Kangri language
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
| Kangri | |
|---|---|
| कांगड़ी | |
 Kangri written in Takri and Devanagari | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Himachal Pradesh |
Native speakers | 1.1 million (2011)[1] |
| Takri, Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xnr |
| Glottolog | kang1280 |
Kangri (Takri: 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯) is a Western Pahari language, spoken in Himachal Pradesh, predominantly in the Kangra district, Hamirpur district and hilly parts of Una district as well as in some parts of Mandi and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh and in hilly parts of Pathankot and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab.[1] It is also spoken in some areas of Jammu region and in a few villages of Pakistan by the people belonging to the families migrated from Kangra region. It is associated with the people of the Kangra.[1]
Like most of Indo-Aryan languages, Kangri does form a dialect continuum with its neighbouring languages. This includes the Pahari varieties spoken to the east Mandeali, north to Chambeali, Gaddi & Bhateali, south-east to Kahluri and Hinduri, Baghliani, Baghati and Keonthali dialects of Mahasui. Besides it also share continuum north-west to Dogri.[2] It is classified under Western Pahari.
Script
[edit]The native script of the language is Takri Script but now people write Kangri Language in Devanagari script.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | ||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | ɦ | |||||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | ɽ, ɽ̃ | |||||
| Approximant | (j) | ||||||
- It is not clear whether or not [j] is considered as a separate phoneme, but it does occur in various phonetic environments.
- [ɳ] is heard mostly as either an allophone of /ɽ̃/, and as /n/ before a retroflex stop.[3]
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | uː | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɔ | ||
| Open | æ | ɑː |
- /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.
Tone
[edit]Kangri is a tonal language like Punjabi and Dogri but the assignment of tones differs in Kangri when compared to them.[4]
Most of the surrounding language varieties (including Kangri) lack voiced, aspirated obstruents (J. C. Sharma 2002, Masica 1993). The cognates of Hindi voiced, aspirated obstruents are voiced but have no aspiration. They are distinct from the cognates of voiced unaspirated obstruents by the tone induced by the loss of aspiration. Another difference to note between Kangri and Punjabi/Dogri is that these forms surface as voiced consonants in Kangri, but voiceless consonants in Punjabi and Dogri. That is, Kangri has lost the aspiration (in gaining tone), but Punjabi and Dogri has lost both aspiration and voicing. It is likely that these are separate innovations which originated in the West (Punjab or Jammu & Kashmir) and have spread outwards. The loss of aspiration (and gaining of tone) has been fully realized in all three languages, but the loss of voicing has not yet reached Kangri.[4]
Grammar
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]The pronouns of Kangri for different persons and numbers are as follows:
| Person | Number | Kangri | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | मैं | mæ̃ |
| Plural | असाँ / अहाँ | əsãː / əhãː | |
| 2nd | Singular | तू | t̪u |
| Plural | तुसाँ / त्वहाँ | t̪usãː / t̪vəhãː | |
| 3rd | Singular & Plural | सै | sæ |
Noun Cases
[edit]Using the noun घर (/kʰər/, "home") as an example, the cases in Kangri are:
| Case | Kangri | Hindi Equivalent | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | घर | घर | home |
| Accusative | घरे यो/जो | घर को | to home |
| Ergative | घरैँ | घर ने | (by) home |
| Comitative | घरेने | घर के साथ | with home |
| Instrumental | घरेते | घर से | through home |
| Dative | घरेताँइ | घर के लिए | for home |
| Ablative | घरेते | घर से | from home |
| Genitive | घरे दा / दे / दि / दियाँ | घर का / की / के | of home |
Locatives
[edit]| Case | Kangri | Hindi Equivalent | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inessive | घरेच | घर में | in home |
| Adessive | घरे पर | घर पर | on home |
Others
[edit]| Case | Kangri | Hindi Equivalent | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vocative | घर॑ | ओ घर | O home |
| Semblative | घर देआ / दए / दइ / दीयाँ | घर सा / सी / से | like home |
| Similative | घरे साइ | घर जैसा | similar to home |
| Terminative | घरे तिक्कर | घर तक | up to home |
Postpositional / Oblique forms
[edit]| Noun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| घर | घरे | घरेयाँ |
| घड़ा | घड़े | घड़ेयाँ |
| नदी | नदिया | नदियाँ |
| घ्यो | घ्यो | घ्योआँ |
Adverbial Pronouns
[edit]| Interrogative | Relative | Distal | Proximate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Kangri | काल्लु | जाल्लु | ताल्लु | हुण |
| Hindi | कब | जब | तब | अब | |
| Place | Kangri | कुथू | जिथ्थु / जेथ्थु | ओथ्थु / तिथ्थु | इथ्थु / एथ्थु |
| Hindi | कहाँ | जहाँ | वहाँ | यहाँ | |
| Manner | Kangri | कियाँ | जियाँ | तियाँ | इयाँ |
| Hindi | कैसे | जैसे | वैसे | ऐसे | |
| Quantity | Kangri | कितना | जितना | तितना | इतना |
| Hindi | कितना | जितना | उतना | इतना |
Status
[edit]The language is commonly clubbed as Pahari or Himachali. Some Dogri linguists have referred Kangri as part of their language due to similarities and decent mutual intelligibility between them.[5][6][need quotation to verify] This is generally observed only in bordering lects due to dialect continuum present among many Indo-Aryan languages. Kangri writers & poets have been making submissions to Pahari language's cause under Himachal Pradesh Academy of Arts, Culture & Languages (HPAACL).[7] The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer.
The demand for the inclusion of 'Western Pahari' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[8] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then, even after several small organisations demand for the preservation of the language.[9]
Gautam Sharma Vyathit and Chandrarekha Dhadwal are noted for their contributions to the preservation of Kangri folk songs as well as their novel contributions to Kangri literature.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Kangri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Kangri - The Language Of Himachal Pradesh". www.indiamapped.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ Eaton, Robert D. (2008)
- ^ a b Eaton, Robert D. (8 August 2008). "Kangri in Context: An Areal Perspective". Linguistics & TESOL Dissertations. hdl:10106/945.
- ^ Guptā, Vīṇā (1986). Ḍogarī bhāshā, udbhava aura vikāsa (in Hindi). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akādamī āpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza.
- ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1992). Ḍuggara kā bhāshāyī paricaya Jammū prānta ke sandarbha meṃ (in Hindi). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
- ^ Katha Sarvari II (in Hindi). 1977.
- ^ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
- ^ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.
Further reading
[edit]- Eaton, Robert D. (2008). Kangri in context: An areal perspective (PhD). The University of Texas at Arlington.
External links
[edit]- Singh, Amitjit. "The Language Divide in Punjab." Sagar, Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 1997.
- Goldsmith, Parvin. "Scripture in Kangri recordings (mp3s)" 2007.
