Chontal language (Guerrero)
| Guerrero Chontal | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Guerrero |
| Ethnicity | Chontal people (Guerrero) |
| Extinct | after 1687[1] |
unclassified | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
Guerrero Chontal (also called Chontal of Guerrero) is an unclassified language that was spoken in what is now the Mexican state of Guerrero during the prehispanic and early colonial periods. It is now extinct, and there is no existing description of this language.
Guerrero Chontal should not be confused with the unrelated Chontal Maya or Oaxaca Chontal languages, which are still spoken in other parts of Mexico. Chontal is a generic Nahuatl word for foreigner that was historically applied to several unrelated ethnic groups.
Distribution
[edit]According to colonial records, Guerrero Chontal was spoken to the north of the Balsas River and to the west of the Coixca River, in the northern region of the state of Guerrero. In the 16th century, the primary Chontal settlements were Ixcateopan, Alahuistlan, Ostuma, Coatepec, Toltoltepec, Teloloapan, and Apastla.[2] Other towns where Chontal was spoken included Iguala, Tepecoacuilco, Cocula, Chilacachapa, Acamixtla, Chontalcoatlán, Noxtepec, Tetipac, Tlamacazapa, and Zacualpan. A Chontal language was also mentioned at Pungarabato, now Ciudad Altamirano.[3]
In the 16th century, Chontal was evidently a fairly widely spoken language, but was ignored by Spanish missionaries, despite smaller languages receiving some attention. Given that the Chontal region was home to many people bilingual in both Chontal and Nahuatl, the missionaries were perhaps able to rely on the latter language in order to communicate and preach their religion, without needing to know Chontal.[2]
Classification
[edit]Due to the lack of data, Guerrero Chontal is unclassifiable. One 16th-century report related it to Tuxtec, another unclassified language spoken to the east, in towns such as Iguala, Mayanalan, Tlalcozauhtitlan and Oapan. It has thus been suggested that Chontal and Tuxtec could have been related, or even dialects of the same language. However, a different source mentioned that Tuxtec was once spoken in Ixcateopan, but by 1579 Chontal had replaced it.[2]
Donald Brand opined that Chontal was probably an Oto-Manguean language.[4]
Features
[edit]A 16th-century report mentioned that Guerrero Chontal was "spoken in the throat" and that "it wasn't written because it wasn't pronounced".[2]
Una Canger, suggesting the existence of a Chontal substrate in Coatepec Nahuatl, draws from features in the latter in order to hypothesize that Chontal featured a phonemic glottal stop but did not allow it word-finally, featured a vowel length distinction, was not strongly polysynthetic, and conjugated verbs by subject.[5]
References
[edit]- ↑ Canger, Una. “Nawatl of North Guerrero, Not a Descendant of Reconstructed Common Nawatl.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (2022): n. pag. 140
- 1 2 3 4 Howard F. Cline (1972). "Relaciones geográficas: Native Languages". Guide to ethnohistorical sources (Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0292701527. p. 311.
- ↑ Gerhard, Peter (1993). A guide to the historical geography of New Spain (Rev. ed.). Norman, Okla. London: Univ. of Oklahoma Pr. pp. 136, 146, 152, 252, 397. ISBN 9780806125534.
- ↑ Brand, Donald D. “An Historical Sketch of Geography and Anthropology in the Tarascan Region: Part I.” New Mexico Anthropologist, vol. 6/7, no. 2, 1943, p. 50. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4291263. Accessed 18 Sept. 2025.
- ↑ Canger, Una. “Nawatl of North Guerrero, Not a Descendant of Reconstructed Common Nawatl.” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (2022): n. pag. 147-149