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Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.
Native name
シチズン時計株式会社
Shichizun Tokei kabushiki gaisha
FormerlyShokosha Watch Research Institute (before May 28, 1930)
Company type
Public
TYO: 7762
Nikkei 225 Component
Founded1918; 108 years ago (1918)
Headquarters
Nishitōkyō, Tokyo
,
Japan
Key people
Toshihiko Sato[a] (president and CEO)
Products
  • Watches and parts
  • Information equipment and parts
  • Electronic equipment and parts
  • Industrial machinery and equipment
  • Jewelry
RevenueIncrease ¥316.8 billion
US$2.93 billion (FY 2024)[1]
Decrease ¥23.0 billion
US$204.61 million (FY 2024)[1]
Decrease ¥13.3 billion
US$121.49 million (FY 2018)[2]
Number of employees
20,882 (2018)[3]
Websitecitizen.co.jp

Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. (シチズン時計株式会社, Shichizun tokei Kabushiki-gaisha), also known as the Citizen Group, is an electronics company primarily known for its watches and is the core company of a Japanese global corporate group based in Nishitokyo, Tokyo, Japan. In addition to Citizen brand watches, it is the parent of American watch company Bulova. Beyond watches, Citizen also manufactures calculators, printers,[4] health care devices, and precision CNC machining equipment.[5]

The company was founded in 1918 by Kamekichi Yamazaki as the Shokosha Watch Research Institute. It released its first Citizen-branded pocket watch in 1924, and Citizen Watch was established in 1930.[6]

Citizen Watch built upon the achievements of the quartz revolution initiated by Seiko in 1969, focusing on the further development of quartz technology to improve both accuracy and efficiency. In 1975, it introduced the Crystron Mega, then the world's most accurate wristwatch with an annual deviation of ±3 seconds. In 1976, it released the Crystron Solar Cell, the world's first analog solar-powered quartz wristwatch.[7][6][b]

In 1995, Citizen introduced Eco-Drive, the world's first system to incorporate a solar cell concealed beneath the dial. By 2015, approximately 80 percent of the company's watches utilized Eco-Drive technology.[7] In 2016, it introduced the Eco-Drive One, the world's thinnest light-powered watch, equipped with a 1 mm-thick movement,[8] and in 2019 released, under the The Citizen brand, an Eco-Drive wristwatch powered by the Caliber 0100, the most accurate watch movement ever created, which does not rely on external time correction such as radio or GPS signals, achieving an annual accuracy of ±1 second and a running time of six months, or eight months in power-save mode.[9][10]

Miyota, a subsidiary of Citizen, has produced vast numbers of movements and supplied them to watch manufacturers worldwide. As of 2024, Citizen Watch Manufacturing produces approximately 100 million movements annually under the Miyota brand, and the Caliber 2035 has been produced in more than 5 billion units.[11][12]

History

[edit]

Kamekichi Yamazaki was the founder and first chairman of Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.. He originally managed the Yamazaki Shokai, a retailer dealing in watches and precious metals, and from the late 1890s to the early 1900s served as the leading executive officer of the Tokyo Watch Trade and Manufacturing Association. He later became a member of the House of Peers, and during overseas inspections witnessed the development of the watch industry firsthand, which led him to resolve to domesticate the production of pocket watches.[13]

In 1918, he established the Shokosha Watch Research Institute, the predecessor of Citizen Watch. In its early years, the institute assembled watches using imported Swiss components; however, it soon began producing its own parts using imported machine tools, while also advancing the in-house production of such machinery. A watchmaking school was established, and in 1924 the first pocket watch under the Citizen brand was released. The brand name was proposed by Gotō Shinpei, then Mayor of Tokyo City and a personal acquaintance of Yamazaki, with the intention that it would become a brand widely and enduringly embraced by the public.[13]

Subsequently, Ryoichi Suzuki, who had worked for Schmidt Company, a German retailer specializing in Swiss watches, learned that Yamazaki was considering relinquishing the Shokosha Research Institute. He proposed its acquisition to Yosaburo Nakajima, the Japan representative of Schmidt Company, and in 1930 Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. was established by Yamazaki, Nakajima, and Suzuki. Yamazaki became the first chairman, Nakajima the first president, and Suzuki the first factory manager.[13]

The company released its first men's wristwatch, Model F, in 1931, and its first women's wristwatch, Model K, in 1935.[6]

In 1949, Citizen established Heiwa Tokei Seisakusho in Iida, Nagano, as its first related company engaged in watch component manufacturing. In 1958, it established Sayama Seimitsu Kogyo Co., Ltd. in Sayama, Saitama, as a subsidiary. In 1959, it founded Miyota in Miyota, Nagano, as a subsidiary specializing in the manufacture of wristwatch components.[11]

In 1951, Citizen introduced its first 18,000 vibrations per hour hand-wound watch, the Citizen Pet. This was followed by Japan's first calendar-equipped wristwatch, the Citizen Calendar, in 1952; Japan's first alarm watch, the Alarm, in 1958; and Japan's first fully water-resistant wristwatch, the Parawater, in 1959.[6]

From around 1961, the company began external sales of machine tools and expanded its markets overseas. In 1964, five factories were spun off as independent entities and began manufacturing precision instruments and office equipment in addition to watches.[6]

In 1962, Citizen released its first chronometer-certified model produced in-house, which received the highest rating. In 1965, it introduced the Crystal Seven, then the world's thinnest self-winding calendar wristwatch and the first in the world to feature a crystal glass crystal. (instead of acrylic)[6]

In 1966, Citizen launched the X8, Japan's first electric watch. This model employed a transistor-driven moving-magnet balance motor system to regulate timekeeping and could operate for one year, a breakthrough at the time. It surpassed mechanical watches, then the mainstream, in sales and became one of the company's representative products of the 1970s.[13][14]

In 1970, Citizen introduced the X8 Chronometer, the world's first watch with a titanium case.[15] In 1971, it released the Hi-Sonic, Japan's first tuning-fork electric watch, improving accuracy from daily deviation to monthly deviation.[6]

In 1973, Citizen introduced its first in-house automatic chronograph, the Chronograph Challenge Timer, along with its first quartz watch, the Citizen Quartz. In 1974, it released its first digital quartz watch, the Quartz Liquid Crystal.[6]

In 1975, Citizen launched the Crystron Mega, the world's first quartz watch with an annual accuracy of ±3 seconds. This was followed in 1976 by the Crystron LC Alarm, the world's first digital alarm watch. In the same year, the company introduced the Crystron Solar Cell, the world's first analog quartz watch powered by solar cell technology. Although a quartz watch, it eliminated the need for battery replacement and was an environmentally conscious product, serving as a precursor to Eco-Drive technology.[6] The world's first solar-powered watch was the Synchronar 2100, introduced in 1972 by Ragen Semiconductors, featuring an LED digital display.[16]

In 1982, Citizen released the Professional Diver 1300m, which offered the highest water-resistance rating in the world at the time, as well as the Thermo Sensor, the world's first wristwatch equipped with a temperature sensor. In 1984, it introduced the Voice Memo, the world's first wristwatch with voice recording and playback functions.[6]

By 1986, Citizen ranked first in the world in wristwatch production volume on a movement basis. That same year, it released the Cosmo Sign, the world's first wristwatch featuring a precision star chart. In 1989, it introduced both the Promaster Altichron, the world's first wristwatch capable of precise altitude measurement using a built-in electronic barometric sensor, and the, and the Avalon Super Calendar, the world's first analog quartz wristwatch with an electronic perpetual calendar.[6]

In 1992, Citizen introduced the Promaster Aqualand, the world's first quartz wristwatch equipped with an analog depth gauge. In 1993, it released the Citizen Radio Controlled, the world's first multi-station radio-controlled watch, followed in 1994 by the Promaster Hyper Aqualand, the world's first wristwatch capable of transferring data to a personal computer. In 1995, the company launched its flagship brand, The Citizen.[6]

Citizen established Eco-Drive technology, which places a solar cell beneath the dial, and in 1995 launched the first model bearing the name, the Eco-Drive Attesa, marking the beginning of the Eco-Drive lineup.[17]

In 2000, Citizen launched Campanola, its luxury line, centered on a design concept inspired by the timeless beauty of the universe.[18]

In 2003, Citizen introduced the Attesa Eco-Drive, the world's first all-metal wristwatch with a built-in antenna. In 2011, it released the Eco-Drive Satellite Wave, the world's first watch capable of receiving time signals from satellites.[6]

On January 10, 2008, Citizen bought the Bulova Watch Company for $250 million, making The Citizen Group the world's largest watchmaker.[19]

In 2016, Citizen acquired the Swiss Frédérique Constant Group.[20]

In 2018, Citizen announced the Caliber 0100, a light-powered movement with an annual accuracy of ±1 second, which was released in 2019 under The Citizen line. The company describes this movement as capable of achieving the highest level of accuracy in the world through autonomous and continuous timekeeping based solely on its internal mechanism.[6][9][10]

Citizen Attesa Eco-Drive ATV53-3023 analog-digital chronograph with 4 area Radio Controlled reception (North America, Europe, China, and Japan)

Products

[edit]

Atomic timekeeping

[edit]

Citizen launched the world's first multi-band atomic timekeeping watch in 1993. Synchronized to atomic clocks, these watches are accurate to within one second in one hundred thousand years.[21]

The Skyhawk A-T line features radio-controlled timekeeping. The watches can synchronize with radio clocks in Japan, North America, and Europe, automatically selecting the correct frequency by location. The watch actually tracks two time zones—home and world—but synchronizes to the 'home' zone. When traveling, the user may swap the 'home' and 'world' zones, thereby enabling proper time signal reception on a different continent while retaining the other time. The day, date, and daylight saving time settings are set automatically when the watch is synchronized. These features are comparable to the synchronization with atomic clocks found in Casio Wave Ceptor watches.

The Perpetual Chrono A-T synchronizes with the atomic clocks in Colorado or Germany, depending on signal strength and location, and incorporates Eco-Drive technology, so it does not require replacement batteries.

Bulova Precisionist movement

[edit]

In 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement that uses a three-prong quartz crystal torsional resonator, with eight times the vibration frequency of a traditional quartz watch, for the Precisionist or Accutron II line, a new type of quartz watch which is claimed to be accurate to +/− 10 seconds a year and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps each second.[22]

Campanola

[edit]

Campanola is Citizen's luxury brand, launched in 2000, that adopts a design concept centered on the timeless beauty of the universe.[18] The brand name is derived from the role of church bells in Nola, in the Campania region of Italy, during the 5th century, where their sound was used to mark the passage of time.[23][18] The Citizen and Campanola are Citizen's top-tier brands. Whereas The Citizen emphasizes practicality, Campanola places greater emphasis on artistic expression and complex mechanisms.[24]

As of May 2026, there is a notable difference in the brand's lineup between Japan and international markets: the official Japanese website lists 29 models,[25] whereas the English-language global website lists only 5.[26] Many models are quartz and incorporate complications such as grand complications, minute repeaters, and perpetual calendars. Their dials are constructed in a three dimensional manner to evoke the vastness of time and space. Models designated as Cosmosign include those that display a full sky star chart depicting 452 stars visible from latitude 35 degrees north, shown in accordance with the passage of time, as well as models that provide detailed indications of celestial phenomena such as lunar phases, the positions of the moon and the sun, sunrise and sunset times, and moonrise and moonset times. Many models also feature dial decoration using traditional Japanese urushi lacquer techniques.[18][27]

The first perpetual calendar model was released in 2000, followed by the first Cosmosign model in 2001, and the first urushi lacquer decorated grand complication in 2002. In 2014, the brand introduced its first mechanical model equipped with a movement supplied by La Joux Perret, a subsidiary of Citizen.[27][28] In 2022, as part of the Global Art Collection, models inspired by the themes of heaven and earth were released, each limited to five pieces and priced at 9.35 million yen. These watches were equipped with tourbillon movements by La Joux Perret and featured dials decorated in urushi lacquer by Tetsuo Gidō.[29]

Contemporary watches

[edit]

Citizen also produces the Independent Watches line, featuring a more modern, contemporary design than the traditional Citizen label. Depending on the market, these watches may be labelled "Secret", "Lighthouse" brands among others.

DCP clasp

[edit]

The deployant clasp with a Push Button (DCP) is a clasp available for many Citizen watch bracelet bands. The clasp, as with the Calibre 8700, is also used with leather bands as if they were metal bracelet-style watchbands; however, when the clasp is fastened, the band appears to be a normal eye-hole and link pin leather watchband.

Diving watches (including the Fugu)

[edit]
Citizen Promaster Automatic NY0040-09EE diving watch

In 1959, Citizen launched the Parawater – Japan's first fully-waterproof wristwatch. It became the forerunner to Citizen's range of dive watches, subsequently (1982) called the Promaster Marine range. Also in 1982, Citizen launched the 1300m Professional Diver's watch – the world's most pressure-resistant wristwatch at the time.[30]

But it was perhaps the Fugu that became Citizen's most iconic diver. With its launch in 1989, fans nicknamed it the Fugu, after the Japanese pufferfish.[31] The watch's bezel has alternating smooth and serrated edges to provide a positive grip in wet conditions, with the shape inspired by the pufferfish. Citizen eventually adopted Fugu as the watch's official name, even engraving some models' casebacks with a pufferfish logo. And in 1993, the Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei adopted the Fugu NY004 for official use. All Fugu models are certified to the ISO 6425 standard for reliability underwater, resistance to shocks and magnetism, water-tightness and thermal-shock resistance.[32] The original Fugu series (NY004, NY008 and NY009) were criticised for their bezel action and lack of sapphire crystal. These issues were ultimately addressed by the NY011 series (launched in 2020). With a Miyota 8203 movement, Fugu automatic watches can be hand-wound – a significant advantage over their original competitor (Seiko's now discontinued SKX).[33]

Among the world's ISO-certified watches for professional diving, the Fugu remains the mechanical watch in continuous production for the longest.

Eco-Drive

[edit]

Eco-Drive watches use a battery recharged by a solar panel hidden under the watch face. In the rare and discontinued Eco-Drive Duo series, the solar power was supplemented by an automatic quartz power source. There was also an Eco-Drive Thermo model that exploited temperature differentials between the wearer's skin temperature and ambient temperature to recharge the battery. However, the only Eco-Drive system described on the Citizen Watch official website is the one depending solely on light to recharge. Features similar to the Eco-Drive have been developed by other manufacturers like Casio and Junghans. All Citizen Eco-Drive movements are made in Japan but the case or the bracelet may also be made in China.

In 2016, Citizen introduced the Eco-Drive One, the world's thinnest light-powered wristwatch, with a movement thickness of 1 mm and a case thickness of 2.98 mm.[8]

In 2018, Citizen introduced Caliber 0100, an Eco-Drive movement with a power reserve of six months (or eight months in power-saving mode) that achieves an accuracy of ±1 second per year without relying on external time correction such as radio signals or GPS. The quartz oscillator in this movement operates at 8,388,608 Hz, a frequency 246 times higher than that of conventional quartz movements. Unlike the standard tuning fork–shaped crystal used in most quartz movements, it employs a specially designed AT-cut crystal, which offers greater resistance to temperature variations and shocks. These features together enable a dramatic improvement in accuracy. The name commemorates the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Shokosha Watch Research Institute, the predecessor of Citizen.[9][10]

Noblia

[edit]

In 1985 the Zen Noblia Ultra Slim watch was introduced as a model by Citizen. From 1986 to 1997 Citizen offered watches under the Noblia brand. These were in the high-priced segment and combined a traditional-classical design with modern quartz movements. Noblia was an outfitter and sponsor of the Louis Vuitton Cup and the Star North American Championship. Noblia was discontinued in 1997 after releasing a collection of ceramic clocks.

Q&Q SmileSolar

[edit]

Q&Q SmileSolar is a line of solar powered watches, which do not require a battery change. They are made of recycled materials and have a water resistant rating of 10 Bar. The line of watches also supports people by making a donation for each watch purchased.[34]

The Citizen

[edit]

The Citizen is the highest-tier brand of Citizen, introduced in 1995 to commemorate the company's 65th anniversary. The original quartz models offered an accuracy of ±5 seconds per year and were accompanied by a ten-year warranty.[6]

In 2010, the CTV57-1271, the first automatic mechanical watch in the line, was introduced, featuring a movement designed and manufactured entirely in-house.[35]

In 2011, the AQ1000-58A was released, becoming the first model to achieve an annual accuracy of ±5 seconds using an Eco-Drive movement rather than a battery.[35]

In 2017, the AQ4030-51A was introduced, marking the first use of washi paper, specifically Tosa washi, in the dial of an Eco-Drive model.[35]

In 2019, Citizen released models equipped with Caliber 0100 under The Citizen brand, making them the most accurate wristwatches ever produced without external time adjustment via radio or GPS time signals, with an annual accuracy of ±1 second. The watches were issued in limited quantities: 700 pieces in Super Titanium, including 500 standard models (AQ6021-51E) and 200 with raden dials (AQ6020-53X), all with Duratect surface hardening and priced at $7,400, and 100 pieces in white gold (AQ6010-06A), priced at $16,800.[9][10] As of 2026, seven models with an annual accuracy of ±1 second are offered in the lineup.[36]

Tsuyosa

[edit]

Tsuyosa is a mechanical watch line whose design draws on the NH299 Series, which was successful in China in the 1980s, while also incorporating elements of the contemporary luxury sports watch design language. It is characterized by a wide range of color variations and relatively accessible pricing. As of 2024, the proportion of purchasers in the younger demographic, from the late teens to the early thirties, is more than twice that of other Citizen brands.[37][38][39]

The line was launched in Asia in 2021, introduced to Europe in 2022, and expanded to the United States and Japan in 2023. As of 2024, it had become the best-selling watch in Citizen's history. The watches were originally released without a specific brand name and were identified only by reference numbers. The nickname "Tsuyosa" originated in France following its European release and spread through social media, contributing to the line's popularity; Citizen later adopted it as the official name. Although "Tsuyosa" means "strength" in Japanese, the nickname, which originated in France, does not appear to have been chosen for its meaning, but rather for its Japanese-sounding phonetics.[37][38][39]

Other products

[edit]

Citizen also manufactures calculators and small electronic organizers. Some non-watch devices such as handheld televisions and computer printers, have been marketed under the Citizen brand name.

In the 1980s, a number of handheld electronic games were sold under the Q&Q brand.

In the early-mid 1990s, Citizen partnered with Compaq Computer Corporation to build notebook computers in Japan for the Japan and Far Eastern market to be sold under the Compaq name.

Corporate divisions

[edit]
Frédérique Constant, a Swiss watchmaker and a subsidiary of Citizen
A Citizen calculator
A Citizen receipt printer
  • Japan CBM Corporation – Sales of timepieces, including the Q&Q brand.[40]
  • Citizen Systems Japan Co., Ltd. – Sales of business and consumer electronic devices including calculators.
  • Citizen Miyota Co., Ltd. – Production of wristwatches, quartz crystal oscillators, electronic viewfinders, LCD back-light units, CCD/CMOS image sensors, ferroelectric micro LCDs, LCoS, high-density mounting equipment.
  • Citizen Fine Tech Co., Ltd. – Manufacturing and sales of electronic components (ceramic parts, quartz crystal oscillator chips, etc.).
  • Citizen Seimitsu Co., Ltd. – Manufacturing of watch movements, watch face components, automotive components, LCD cells, mini printers, measuring instruments, lubrication units, secondary machining LC lathes and glass scribers.
  • Citizen Watch Company of America[41]
  • Citizen Machinery Co., Ltd. Precision CNC machining equipment
  • Vagary watches
  • Bulova Watch Company
  • Alpina[42] and Ateliers deMonaco[43]
  • Frédérique Constant[44]
  • Campanola[45][46]
  • La Joux-Perret[47]
  • Arnold & Son[48]

Sponsorships

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Japanese: 佐藤敏彦
  2. ^ The first solar-powered wristwatch was the Synchronar 2100, introduced in 1972 by Ragen Semiconductors; it featured an LED digital display.

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Pierre-Yves Donzé, Industrial Development, Technology Transfer, and Global Competition: A history of the Japanese watch industry since 1850, Routledge, 2017. ISBN 1138650692

Notes

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Annual Report FY2018" (PDF). Citizen Holdings. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  2. ^ "Annual Report FY2018" (PDF). Citizen Holdings. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  3. ^ "Corporate Profile". Citizen Holdings. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  4. ^ "Business｜CITIZEN WATCH CO., LTD". シチズン時計株式会社. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  5. ^ "Citizen Machinery Co., Ltd".
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "History". Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 18 May 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  7. ^ a b "The Citizen Eco-Drive 50th Anniversary Edition". Monochrome. 19 March 2026
  8. ^ a b "The Citizen Eco-Drive One, The Thinnest Light-Powered Watch Ever". Hodinkee. Archived from the original on 15 January 2026. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  9. ^ a b c d "The Citizen Caliber 0100 Eco-Drive Movement, Accurate To ±1 Second Per Year". Hodinkee. Archived from the original on 15 December 2025. Retrieved 3 May 2026.
  10. ^ a b c d "The Citizen Eco-Drive Caliber 0100, The Most Accurate Wristwatch Ever Made". Hodinkee. Archived from the original on 16 November 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  11. ^ a b 会社概要 (in Japanese). Citizen Watch Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 1 May 2026. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  12. ^ "The ultimate guide to Miyota's history and most common movements". Time+Tide. Archived from the original on 5 April 2026. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  13. ^ a b c d 創業に大きな役割を果たした先人たち (in Japanese). Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  14. ^ エックスエイト(X-8) (in Japanese). Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 February 2026. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  15. ^ "Hands On With The Citizen X8 Chronometer, The World's First Titanium Watch". The 1916 Company. Archived from the original on 14 December 2025. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  16. ^ "Alternative power sources for quartz watches". Seiko. Archived from the original on 18 February 2026. Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  17. ^ "Citizen Celebrates Eco-Drive With The 50th Anniversary 'The Citizen' With Hand-Dyed Paper Dial". The 1916 Company. Archived from the original on 2 May 2026. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  18. ^ a b c d カンパノラは日本が世界に誇る銘品。技術の粋を尽くした星空を手元に (in Japanese). WebChronos. Archived from the original on 30 January 2026. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  19. ^ "Bulova Watches: A Style Icon Steeped In Tradition". Gems And Jewelry. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
  20. ^ Doerr, Elizabeth. "Citizen Acquires Swiss Frédérique Constant Group As Part Of 'Citizen Global Plan 2018'". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
  21. ^ "Atomic Timekeeping | Citizen". us.citizenwatch.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  22. ^ "Bulova introduces the most accurate watch in the world, the Precisionist". Crunch gear. 2010-03-23. Archived from the original on 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  23. ^ シチズン「カンパノラ」の名前の由来をひもとく (in Japanese). WebChronos. Archived from the original on 14 January 2026. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  24. ^ カンパノラ完全ガイド｜コスモサインの魅力と選び方を時計専門店が解説 (in Japanese). Gracis Online. Archived from the original on 2 May 2026. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  25. ^ "Collection" (in Japanese). Citizen Watch. Retrieved 3 May 2026.
  26. ^ "Collection". Citizen Watch. Retrieved 3 May 2026.
  27. ^ a b "The History of CAMPANOLA" (in Japanese). Citizen Watch. Archived from the original on 2 May 2026. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  28. ^ 「カンパノラ」にスイス製機械式ムーブ搭載の第4の柱──「メカニカルコレクション」 (in Japanese). IT Media Business Online. Archived from the original on 24 January 2026. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  29. ^ シチズン　カンパノラ グローバルアート コレクション ブランド初のトゥールビヨン (in Japanese). Hodinkee Japan. Archived from the original on 6 August 2025. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  30. ^ "TECHNOLOGY & HISTORY | PROMASTER-Official Site [CITIZEN]".
  31. ^ "Citizen Watch".
  32. ^ "ISO 6425 Diving Watch Standards: What Are the Parameters". 10 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Citizen Promaster NY011: Catching a bigger fugu". 10 August 2020.
  34. ^ "Q&Q -TIME FOR EVERYONE-". www.smile-qq.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2017-12-26.
  35. ^ a b c History The CITIZEN。25年の物語。 (in Japanese). Citizen Watch. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  36. ^ "Caliber 0100". Citizen Watch. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  37. ^ a b シチズン｢史上最も売れた｣時計はなぜ生まれたか 1/3 (in Japanese). Toyo Keizai Online. Archived from the original on 28 April 2025. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  38. ^ a b シチズン｢史上最も売れた｣時計はなぜ生まれたか 2/3 (in Japanese). Toyo Keizai Online. Archived from the original on 4 May 2026. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  39. ^ a b シチズン｢史上最も売れた｣時計はなぜ生まれたか 3/3 (in Japanese). Toyo Keizai Online. Archived from the original on 4 May 2026. Retrieved 4 May 2026.
  40. ^ "Watches", About - Collection, JP: JCBM, archived from the original on 2008-12-18
  41. ^ Citizen Watch Company of America
  42. ^ Alpina watches from "Watch Pro", 29 January 2019
  43. ^ website Ateliers deMonaco (Switzerland)
  44. ^ Doerr, Elizabeth. "Citizen Acquires Swiss Frédérique Constant Group As Part Of 'Citizen Global Plan 2018'". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
  45. ^ Campanola official web site
  46. ^ Campanola mechanical chrono, 2016-11-20
  47. ^ Citizen acquires manifacture La Joux-Perret, August 2012
  48. ^ Citizen acquires La Joux-Perret and Arnold & Son
  49. ^ "Citizen Watch looks to celebrate its 24th year as a sponsor of the US Open Tennis Championships". Citizen. 29 August 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  50. ^ Naas, Roberta (23 July 2018). "Rolex Scores: Takes Over As Official Sponsor and Timekeeper Of US Open Tennis Championships And More". Forbes. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  51. ^ "OFFICIAL TIMEPIECE OF WALT DISNEY WORLD® AND DISNEYLAND®". www.citizenwatch.com. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
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